{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T20:46:11Z","timestamp":1790196371162,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764201600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82471132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82471132"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82371115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82371115"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic rhinitis (CR) is currently recognized as a syndrome that manifests in different phenotypes. We aimed to establish an artificial intelligence system (quantitative assessment of nasal inflammatory cytology, QANIC) on the basis of whole\u2010slide images (WSIs) to enable quantitative assessment of nasal inflammatory cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      During the development phase of QANIC, we screened nasal secretion smears from 145 CR patients for deep learning and obtaining a robust model. Subsequently, QANIC was applied to an internal cohort (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0881) and an independent external validation cohort comprising two clinical centers (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0234). Cluster analysis was employed to analyze two inflammatory variables (nasal and blood eosinophil [Eos] percentages) to investigate the clinical characteristics and inflammatory patterns of different clusters.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three clusters of inflammatory phenotypes were defined in CR patients: Cluster 1 (high nasal and high blood Eoss, accounted for 17.14% and 16.24% in the two cohorts, respectively), Cluster 2 (high nasal but low blood Eoss, 45.86% and 45.30%), and Cluster 3 (low nasal and low blood Eoss, 37.00% and 38.46%). Compared to Cluster 3, Clusters 1 and 2 demonstrated more severe clinical symptoms and nasal Type 2 inflammation, along with a diagnostic advantage in identifying seasonal allergic rhinitis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The QANIC marks the first time deep learning has been combined with WSIs for nasal cytology diagnosis. Subtyping rhinitis patients based on nasal cytology play an important role in monitoring inflammation dynamics and individualizing treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.70075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T14:39:27Z","timestamp":1764254367000},"page":"272-282","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Development of Artificial Intelligence for Quantitative Assessment of Nasal Inflammatory Cytology in Chronic Rhinitis by Whole\u2010Slide Images"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4356-0281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergy Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Beijing Municipal Education Commission and Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology  Beijing China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Clinical Medicine Capital Medical University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergy Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Beijing Municipal Education Commission and Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology  Beijing China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Clinical Medicine Capital Medical University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Cangzhou Central Hospital  Cangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Long","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology The Second Affiliated Hospital, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology  Baotou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergy Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Beijing Municipal Education Commission and Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology  Beijing China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Clinical Medicine Capital Medical University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Beijing Municipal Education Commission and Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology  Beijing China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Clinical Medicine Capital Medical University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergy Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Beijing Municipal Education Commission and Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology  Beijing China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Clinical Medicine Capital Medical University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengshuo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergy Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Beijing Municipal Education Commission and Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology  Beijing China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Clinical Medicine Capital Medical University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0910-9884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergy Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Beijing Municipal Education Commission and Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology  Beijing China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Clinical Medicine Capital Medical University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1080-4267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergy Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Beijing Municipal Education Commission and Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology  Beijing China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Clinical Medicine Capital Medical University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12573"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13640"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2017.9.5.403"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.806911"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13207"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13620"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12730"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","unstructured":"C.Lyu W.Zhang H.Huang et\u00a0al. \u201cRTMDet: An Empirical Study of Designing Real\u2010Time Object Detectors \u201d preprint arXiv December 14 2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A.Howard M.Sandler B.Chen et\u00a0al. \u201cSearching for MobileNetV3 \u201d in2019 IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)(IEEE 2020).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00140"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2023.2228493"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","first-page":"215","article-title":"Expert Consensus on Classification and Diagnosis of Allergic Rhinitis(2022, Chengdu)","volume":"22","author":"Meng J.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.07.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-18734-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1127576"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.23458"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-01470-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110007"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","first-page":"212","article-title":"Correlation of Immunoglobulin E, Eosinophil Cationic Protein, and Eosinophil Count With the Severity of Childhood Perennial Allergic Rhinitis","volume":"39","author":"Chen S. T.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjorl.2019.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.3.1538"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2004.02072.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2022.2134584"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-022-07704-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/coa.13990"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.04.00133603"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.waojou.2024.100930"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215111001721"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12232697"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/19458924211060592"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03651-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1804092"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102467"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31881-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2303951"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/carj\/4709567"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.70118"}],"container-title":["International Forum of Allergy &amp; Rhinology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/alr.70075","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/alr.70075","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/alr.70075","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T03:39:09Z","timestamp":1778038749000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/alr.70075"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/alr.70075"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alr.70075","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2042-6976","2042-6984"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2042-6976","type":"print"},{"value":"2042-6984","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-18","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}