{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T09:16:43Z","timestamp":1783588603013,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783555200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB) exhibits variable recurrence patterns, with significant late recurrences occurring years after treatment. We investigated cutoff periods to define late recurrence and identified predictors that distinguish patients at risk of late recurrence from those considered cured.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From a multi\u2010institutional cohort of 219 ONB patients treated at nine centers, we analyzed 77 patients with documented recurrence. Using a 48\u2010month cutoff to define early (&lt;\u00a048 months) versus late (\u2265\u00a048 months) recurrence, we evaluated 35 clinical, anatomic, and treatment variables using Firth penalized logistic regression across three comparisons: (1) late versus early recurrence timing, (2) late recurrence versus no recurrence, and (3) early recurrence versus no recurrence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Thirty\u2010four of the 77 (44.2%) recurrences were classified as late. Among the 77 patients who recurred, smaller tumor volume (OR 0.243,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.035) and lower novel Dulguerov staging (OR 0.802,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.038) were associated with late, rather than early recurrence. When patients with late recurrence were compared to those who remained disease\u2010free, radiographic skull base bone involvement was the strongest independent predictor (OR 2.90, 95% CI 1.14\u20138.64,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.025), and this effect strengthened after adjusting for tumor volume (OR 3.80,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.029). Pathologic dural invasion (OR 3.29,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.013), Kadish stage (OR 2.02,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.026), and T\u2010stage (OR 1.32,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.040) were also significant.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A 48\u2010month cutoff effectively stratifies ONB recurrence risk. Skull base bone involvement independently predicts recurrence when compared to nonrecurrent cases and uniquely persists as a risk factor for late recurrence. These findings establish skull base bone involvement as a novel biomarker for risk\u2010stratified surveillance protocols.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.70216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T08:52:42Z","timestamp":1783587162000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Early Versus Late Recurrence in Olfactory Neuroblastoma: A Multi\u2010Institutional Analysis of Predictive Risk Factors"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0336-4438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandria","family":"Harris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery University of Pittsburgh Medical Center  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery University of Pittsburgh Medical Center  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Fung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery University of Pittsburgh Medical Center  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joao Paulo","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery Indiana University School of Medicine  Indianapolis Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre\u2010Olivier","family":"Champagne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery Universite Laval  Quebec City Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Fernandez\u2010Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery Stanford University  Palo Alto California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Gardner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery NYU Langone Health  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0786-4675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery Stanford University  Palo Alto California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aristotelis","family":"Kalyvas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2072-982X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chirag","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery Loyola University Medical Center  Maywood Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zara M.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery Stanford University  Palo Alto California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Peris","family":"Celda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos D.","family":"Pinheiro\u2010Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery NYU Langone Health  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olabisi","family":"Sanusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery Oregon Health &amp; Science University  Portland Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8920-4522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carl H.","family":"Snyderman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery University of Pittsburgh Medical Center  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian D.","family":"Thorp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery University of North Carolina  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie J.","family":"Van Gompel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Zenonos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery University of Pittsburgh Medical Center  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan T.","family":"Zwagerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery Medical College of Wisconsin  Milwaukee Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward C.","family":"Kuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery University of California  Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1180-5854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric W.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery University of Pittsburgh Medical Center  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathew","family":"Geltzeiler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery Oregon Health &amp; 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