{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T18:17:29Z","timestamp":1793729849555,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]],"date-time":"2021-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alzheimer's &amp;amp; Dementia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>With the exception of the recent accelerated approval of aducanumab, in over 26 years of research and development (R&amp;D) investment in Alzheimer's disease (AD), only five novel drugs\u2014all for symptomatic treatment only\u2014have reached FDA approval. Here, we estimate the costs of AD drug development during this period in the private sector.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To estimate private R&amp;D funding, we collected information on AD clinical trials (n\u00a0=\u00a01099; phases 1\u20134) conducted between January 1, 1995 and June 21, 2021 from various databases. Costs were derived using previously published methodologies and adjusted for inflation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Since 1995, cumulative private expenditures on clinical stage AD R&amp;D were estimated at $42.5 billion, with the greatest costs (57%; $24,065 million) incurred during phase 3; approximately 184,000 participants were registered or are currently enrolled in clinical trials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Measures to reduce expenditures while moving toward disease\u2010modifying therapies that alleviate the rising burden of AD require continued investment from industry, government, and academia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12450","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]],"date-time":"2021-09-28T06:18:37Z","timestamp":1632809917000},"page":"469-477","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["The costs of developing treatments for Alzheimer's disease: A retrospective exploration"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey L.","family":"Cummings","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chambers\u2010Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience Department of Brain Health School of Integrated Health Sciences University of Nevada  Las Vegas Nevada USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana P.","family":"Goldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas R.","family":"Simmons\u2010Stern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biogen  Cambridge Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Ponton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biogen  Cambridge Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2016.03.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/alzrt269"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23997"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.10.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201846714"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.7b00040"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12417"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","unstructured":"MalzbenderK Lavin\u2010MenaL&HughesLet al. Key barriers to clinical trials for Alzheimer's Disease. Leonard D Schaaeffer Center for Health Policy & Economics. 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trci.2019.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","volume-title":"Consumer Price Index","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-017-0067-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12328"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15043"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","volume-title":"Alzheimer's Association. Changing the Trajectory of Alzheimer's Disease: How a Treatment by 2025 Saves Lives and Dollars","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2013.12.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","unstructured":"International Alzheimer's and Related Dementia Research Portfolio. Common Alzheimer's and Related Dementias Research Ontology (CADRO).2021."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","first-page":"16","article-title":"Alzheimer's disease drug development pipeline: 2020","volume":"6","author":"Cummings JL","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimer's Dement (N Y)"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dad2.12081"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","unstructured":"National Institutes of HealthEstimates of funding for various research condition and disease categories (RCDC).https:\/\/report.nih.gov\/funding\/categorical\u2010spending#\/. 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