{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T05:44:41Z","timestamp":1789623881643,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alzheimer's &amp;amp; Dementia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The BRAIN Study was established to assess the associations between self\u2010reported concussions and cognitive function among retired rugby players.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Former elite\u2010level male rugby union players (50+ years) in England were recruited. Exposure to rugby\u2010related concussion was collected using the BRAIN\u2010Q tool. The primary outcome measure was the Preclinical Alzheimer Cognitive Composite (PACC). Linear regressions were conducted for the association between concussion and PACC score, adjusting for confounders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 146 participants were recruited. The mean (standard deviation) length of playing career was 15.8 (5.4) years. A total of 79.5% reported rugby\u2010related concussion(s). No association was found between concussion and PACC (\u03b2 \u20130.03 [95% confidence interval (CI): \u20131.31, 0.26]). However, participants aged 80+ years reporting 3+ concussions had worse cognitive function than those without concussion (\u03b2 \u20131.04 [95% CI: \u20131.62, \u20130.47]).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall there was no association between concussion and cognitive function; however, a significant interaction with age revealed an association in older participants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T08:23:09Z","timestamp":1634804589000},"page":"1164-1176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Concussion and long\u2010term cognitive function among rugby players\u2014The BRAIN Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1268-8629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Gallo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Primary Care and Public Health Queen Mary University of London  London UK"},{"name":"Department of Medical Statistics London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"},{"name":"School of Public Health Imperial College London  London UK"},{"name":"Campus Frysl\u00e2n University of Groningen  Leeuwarden the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damien M.","family":"McElvenny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Statistics London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"},{"name":"Research Group Institute of Occupational Medicine  Edinburgh UK"},{"name":"Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health University of Manchester  Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Seghezzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Primary Care and Public Health Queen Mary University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Kemp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Statistics London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"},{"name":"Rugby Football Union  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Statistics London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsty","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dementia Research Centre UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saba","family":"Mian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Statistics London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Primary Care and Public Health Queen Mary University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Hobbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Statistics London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"},{"name":"Department of Health for Keith Stokes and Madeleine Davies Department of Psychology for Catherine Hobbs University of Bath  Bath UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donna","family":"Davoren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Statistics London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nigel","family":"Arden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Sport, Exercise &amp; Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeline","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health for Keith Stokes and Madeleine Davies Department of Psychology for Catherine Hobbs University of Bath  Bath UK"},{"name":"Centre for Sport, Exercise &amp; Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Malaspina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blizard Institute Queen Mary University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Loosemore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport Exercise and Health University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Stokes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rugby Football Union  London UK"},{"name":"Department of Health for Keith Stokes and Madeleine Davies Department of Psychology for Catherine Hobbs University of Bath  Bath UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Cross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health for Keith Stokes and Madeleine Davies Department of Psychology for Catherine Hobbs University of Bath  Bath UK"},{"name":"Premiership Rugby  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Crutch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dementia Research Centre UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Zetterberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology  London UK"},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute University College London  London UK"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg  M\u00f6lndal Sweden"},{"name":"Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory Sahlgrenska University Hospital  M\u00f6lndal Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"Pearce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Statistics London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e3181a9d503"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws307"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097878"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/alzrt177"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-3938.2009.01064.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63954-7.00028-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-017-1680-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-019-02030-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcv070"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.2244"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.8334"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25611"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2019-321170"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(05)70198-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0608-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","article-title":"Long\u2010term health outcomes after exposure to repeated concussion in elite level rugby union players","volume":"74","author":"McMillan TM","year":"2017","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-015-2681-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-017990"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12130-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","volume-title":"The BRAIN\u2010Q, a tool for assessing self\u2010reported sport\u2010related concussions for epidemiological studies","author":"James L","DOI":"10.4178\/epih.e2021086"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.803"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617708080302"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2014.911351"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008534"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","volume-title":"The National Adult Reading Test (NART)","author":"Nelson HE"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4067"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-75"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/alzrt94"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2018.1495270"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70191-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2018.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2017.01.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.549624"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1908483"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(05)70286-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31363-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.105.081801"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","unstructured":"WilliamsJJ.An investigation into why rule changes are introduced within sport and their intended and unintended effect on the game with particular reference to rugby union.2005. Published online. University of Cardiff Doctoral Dissertation."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410600944659"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","volume-title":"International Standard classification of occupations: ISCO\u201088","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1713632"}],"container-title":["Alzheimer's &amp; Dementia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/alz.12455","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/alz.12455","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/alz.12455","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T20:54:30Z","timestamp":1759956870000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/alz.12455"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/alz.12455"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alz.12455","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5260","1552-5279"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5260","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-5279","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-01-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-07-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-10-20","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}