{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:46:44Z","timestamp":1788223604631,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82220108009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82220108009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81970996"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81970996"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82201568"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82201568"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62171300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62171300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81701044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81701044"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JQ19024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JQ19024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005090","name":"Beijing Nova Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z211100002121051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z211100002121051"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005090","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alzheimer's &amp;amp; Dementia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>INTRODUCTION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It is challenging to predict which patients who meet criteria for subcortical ischemic vascular disease (SIVD) will ultimately progress to subcortical vascular cognitive impairment (SVCI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We collected clinical information, neuropsychological assessments, T1 imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, and resting\u2010state functional magnetic resonance imaging from 83 patients with SVCI and 53 age\u2010matched patients with SIVD without cognitive impairment. We built an unsupervised machine learning model to isolate patients with SVCI. The model was validated using multimodal data from an external cohort comprising 45 patients with SVCI and 32 patients with SIVD without cognitive impairment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the unsupervised machine learning model were 86.03%, 79.52%, and 96.23% and 80.52%, 71.11%, and 93.75% for internal and external cohort, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DISCUSSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We developed an accurate and accessible clinical tool which requires only data from routine imaging to predict patients at risk of progressing from SIVD to SVCI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Our unsupervised machine learning model provides an accurate and accessible clinical tool to predict patients at risk of progressing from subcortical ischemic vascular disease (SIVD) to subcortical vascular cognitive impairment (SVCI) and requires only data from imaging routinely used during the diagnosis of suspected SVCI.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>The model yields good accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity and is portable to other cohorts and to clinical practice to distinguish patients with SIVD at risk for progressing to SVCI.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>The model combines assessment of diffusion tensor imaging and functional magnetic resonance imaging measures in patients with SVCI to analyze whether the \u201cdisconnection hypothesis\u201d contributes to functional and structural changes and to the clinical presentation of SVCI.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12971","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T08:25:45Z","timestamp":1676363145000},"page":"3327-3338","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Unsupervised machine learning model to predict cognitive impairment in subcortical ischemic vascular disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Qi","family":"Qin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology &amp; Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junda","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering Capital Medical University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical Application Capital Medical University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunsi","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology &amp; Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering Capital Medical University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical Application Capital Medical University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology &amp; Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingxin","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology &amp; Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingqing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University  Harbin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology The Second People's Hospital of Mudanjiang  Mudanjiang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology &amp; Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology &amp; Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering Capital Medical University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical Application Capital Medical University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianping","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology &amp; Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders  Beijing China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China  Beijing China"},{"name":"Center of Alzheimer's Disease Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders  Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders  Beijing China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology &amp; Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunlin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering Capital Medical University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical Application Capital Medical University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology &amp; Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders  Beijing China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.491795"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007654"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2007.01.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23733"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2017.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1209"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03495-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.64.7.1023"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20586"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.70.1.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.149.2.351"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","first-page":"46","article-title":"Health complaints and cognitive effects caused by exposure to MRI scanner magnetic fields","volume":"132","author":"Vocht F","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tijdschr Diergeneeskd"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.488403"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-019-00252-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12032"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.1.82"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.08.020303"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12178"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12089"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12140"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.854733"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(02)00190-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-302562"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25456"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12508"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","unstructured":"GaserC DahnkeR ThompsonP KurthF LudersE.CAT \u2010 A Computational Anatomy Toolbox for the Analysis of Structural MRI Data2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.08.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00042"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmr.2011.09.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.201.3.8939209"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1267"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066366"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2012.0073"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2019.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021976"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","first-page":"386","article-title":"GRETNA: a graph theoretical network analysis toolbox for imaging connectomics","volume":"9","author":"Wang J","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0978"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.07.053"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1333"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0686-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1996.tb02080.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","first-page":"2825","article-title":"Scikit\u2010learn: machine learning in python","volume":"12","author":"Pedregosa F","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","first-page":"2579","article-title":"Visualizing High\u2010dimensional data using t\u2010SNE","volume":"9","author":"Maaten LJP","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","unstructured":"MacQueenJ.Some methods for classification and analysis of multivariate observations.1967."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-21390-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","first-page":"1027","article-title":"K\u2010Means++: the advantages of careful seeding","author":"Arthur D","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual ACM\u2010SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.02.076"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31666-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068910"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.687001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70124-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24758"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.012065"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2008.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.530832"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2016.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1238411"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087880"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159574"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.02.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2018.06.018"}],"container-title":["Alzheimer's &amp; Dementia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/alz.12971","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/alz.12971","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/alz.12971","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T13:47:33Z","timestamp":1759931253000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/alz.12971"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/alz.12971"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alz.12971","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5260","1552-5279"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5260","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-5279","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-11-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-01-09","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-02-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}