{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T02:20:43Z","timestamp":1789179643311,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]],"date-time":"2023-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alzheimer's &amp;amp; Dementia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>INTRODUCTION<\/jats:title><jats:p>Few studies have explored dementia risk according to sex and gender including for transgender and non\u2010binary adults. This study evaluated dementia risk factors and risk scores among cisgender, transgender, and non\u2010binary adults.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Observational data were drawn from the 2019 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. A matched\u2010cohort approach was used to develop sex (male, female) and gender identity cohorts (cisgender men, cisgender women, transgender men, transgender women, and non\u2010binary adults) for comparison. Dementia risk scores were calculated using established mid\u2010life and late\u2010life risk score algorithms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Males had higher overall mid\u2010life dementia risk, and lower late\u2010life Alzheimer's disease risk compared to females. Transgender men, transgender women, and non\u2010binary adults had higher overall late\u2010life risk compared to both cisgender men and women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>DISCUSSION<\/jats:title><jats:p>Future research is needed to build the evidence base for specific risk factors that may be contributing to higher overall risk among understudied and underserved gender groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Using data from the 2019 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, this matched\u2010cohort study found that those assigned female at birth had lower overall mid\u2010life dementia risk and higher overall late\u2010life Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk compared to those assigned male at birth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Transgender men, transgender women, and non\u2010binary adults all showed higher overall late\u2010life AD risk compared to cisgender men and cisgender women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Between\u2010group differences were found in the incidence of specific risk and protective factors for dementia and AD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]],"date-time":"2023-07-26T07:19:06Z","timestamp":1690355946000},"page":"5-15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Sex and gender differences in risk scores for dementia and Alzheimer's disease among cisgender, transgender, and non\u2010binary adults"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6084-5027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brooke","family":"Brady","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology The University of New South Wales Sydney  Kensington New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia  Randwick New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"UNSW Ageing Futures Institute UNSW Sydney  Kensington New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lidan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology The University of New South Wales Sydney  Kensington New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia  Randwick New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"UNSW Ageing Futures Institute UNSW Sydney  Kensington New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scherazad","family":"Kootar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia  Randwick New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"UNSW Ageing Futures Institute UNSW Sydney  Kensington New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaarin Jane","family":"Anstey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology The University of New South Wales Sydney  Kensington New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia  Randwick New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"UNSW Ageing Futures Institute UNSW Sydney  Kensington New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12362"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(20)30367\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","unstructured":"SchiebingerL KlingeI PaikHY et\u00a0al.Gender.Gendered Innovations. 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