{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T12:09:48Z","timestamp":1790683788683,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]],"date-time":"2023-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alzheimer's &amp;amp; Dementia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>INTRODUCTION<\/jats:title><jats:p>The retina may provide non\u2010invasive, scalable biomarkers for monitoring cerebral neurodegeneration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used cross\u2010sectional data from The Maastricht study (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a03436; mean age 59.3 years; 48% men; and 21% with type 2 diabetes [the latter oversampled by design]). We evaluated associations of retinal nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell layer, and inner plexiform layer thicknesses with cognitive performance and magnetic resonance imaging indices (global grey and white matter volume, hippocampal volume, whole brain node degree, global efficiency, clustering coefficient, and local efficiency).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>After adjustment, lower thicknesses of most inner retinal layers were significantly associated with worse cognitive performance, lower grey and white matter volume, lower hippocampal volume, and worse brain white matter network structure assessed from lower whole brain node degree, lower global efficiency, higher clustering coefficient, and higher local efficiency.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>DISCUSSION<\/jats:title><jats:p>The retina may provide biomarkers that are informative of cerebral neurodegenerative changes in the pathobiology of dementia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]],"date-time":"2023-08-23T14:10:28Z","timestamp":1692799828000},"page":"316-329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Thinner inner retinal layers are associated with lower cognitive performance, lower brain volume, and altered white matter network structure\u2014The Maastricht Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Frank C. T.","family":"van der Heide","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases Maastricht University (UM)  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+)  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology MUMC+  Maastricht MD The Netherlands"},{"name":"School of Mental Health and Neuroscience MUMC+  Maastricht MD The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Indra L. M.","family":"Steens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases Maastricht University (UM)  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+)  Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Betsie","family":"Limmen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases Maastricht University (UM)  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+)  Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Mokhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases Maastricht University (UM)  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+)  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology MUMC+  Maastricht MD The Netherlands"},{"name":"School of Mental Health and Neuroscience MUMC+  Maastricht MD The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin P. J.","family":"van Boxtel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology MUMC+  Maastricht MD The Netherlands"},{"name":"School of Mental Health and Neuroscience MUMC+  Maastricht MD The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miranda T.","family":"Schram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases Maastricht University (UM)  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+)  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"School of Mental Health and Neuroscience MUMC+  Maastricht MD The Netherlands"},{"name":"Heart and Vascular Center MUMC+  Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"K\u00f6hler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology MUMC+  Maastricht MD The Netherlands"},{"name":"School of Mental Health and Neuroscience MUMC+  Maastricht MD The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abraham A.","family":"Kroon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases Maastricht University (UM)  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+)  Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla J. H.","family":"van der Kallen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases Maastricht University (UM)  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+)  Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pieter C.","family":"Dagnelie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases Maastricht University (UM)  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+)  Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martien C. J. M.","family":"van Dongen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute UM  MD The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology UM  Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone J. P. M.","family":"Eussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases Maastricht University (UM)  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology UM  Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tos T. J. M.","family":"Berendschot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Eye Clinic Maastricht MUMC+  Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carroll A. B.","family":"Webers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Eye Clinic Maastricht MUMC+  Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marleen M. J.","family":"van Greevenbroek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases Maastricht University (UM)  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+)  Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annemarie","family":"Koster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute UM  MD The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Social Medicine UM  Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas T.","family":"van Sloten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases Maastricht University (UM)  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Vascular Medicine University Medical Centre Utrecht  Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacobus F. 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