{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:27:05Z","timestamp":1786976825259,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697155200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG076234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG076234"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R56AG069880"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R56AG069880"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DK133465"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK133465"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alzheimer's &amp;amp; Dementia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>INTRODUCTION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Little is known about the heterogeneous treatment effects of metformin on dementia risk in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants (\u2265 50 years) with T2D and normal cognition at baseline were identified from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center database (2005\u20132021). We applied a doubly robust learning approach to estimate risk differences (RD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) for dementia risk between metformin use and no use in the overall population and subgroups identified through a decision tree model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 1393 participants, 104 developed dementia over a 4\u2010year median follow\u2010up. Metformin was significantly associated with a lower risk of dementia in the overall population (RD, \u20133.2%; 95% CI, \u20136.2% to \u20130.2%). We identified four subgroups with varied risks for dementia, defined by neuropsychiatric disorders, non\u2010steroidal anti\u2010inflammatory drugs, and antidepressant use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DISCUSSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Metformin use was significantly associated with a lower risk of dementia in individuals with T2D, with significant variability among subgroups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T07:01:13Z","timestamp":1697180473000},"page":"975-985","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Heterogeneous treatment effects of metformin on risk of dementia in patients with type 2 diabetes: A longitudinal observational study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Huilin","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy University of Florida College of Pharmacy  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingchuan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy University of Florida College of Pharmacy  Gainesville Florida USA"},{"name":"Center for Drug Evaluation and Safety University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. Elizabeth","family":"Shaaban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology School of Public Health University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Alzheimer's Disease Research Center University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics College of Medicine University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonghui","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics College of Medicine University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanja","family":"Magoc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Translational Science Institute University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DATA Lab Department of Computer Science Rice University  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William T","family":"Donahoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine College of Medicine University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven T.","family":"DeKosky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and McKnight Brain Institute College of Medicine University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"},{"name":"Florida Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (ADRC) University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiang","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics College of Medicine University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30367-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Dementia. 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