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However, little is known about their biological variation (BV), which improves the interpretation of individual\u2010level data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We measured plasma amyloid beta (A\u03b242, A\u03b240), phosphorylated tau (p\u2010tau181, p\u2010tau217, p\u2010tau231), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and neurofilament light chain (NfL) in plasma samples collected weekly over 10\u00a0weeks from 20 participants aged 40 to 60 years from the European Biological Variation Study. We estimated within\u2010 (CV\n                      <jats:sub>I<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and between\u2010subject (CV\n                      <jats:sub>G<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) BV, analytical variation, and reference change values (RCV).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Biomarkers presented considerable variability in CV\n                      <jats:sub>I<\/jats:sub>\n                      and CV\n                      <jats:sub>G<\/jats:sub>\n                      . A\u03b242\/A\u03b240 had the lowest CV\n                      <jats:sub>I<\/jats:sub>\n                      (\u2248 3%) and p\u2010tau181 the highest (\u2248 16%), while others ranged from 6% to 10%. Most RCVs ranged from 20% to 30% (decrease) and 25% to 40% (increase).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DISCUSSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>BV estimates for AD plasma biomarkers can potentially refine their clinical and research interpretation. RCVs might be useful for detecting significant changes between serial measurements when monitoring early disease progression or interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                          <jats:list-item>\n                            <jats:p>Plasma amyloid beta (A\u03b242\/A\u03b240) presents the lowest between\u2010 and within\u2010subject biological variation, but also changes the least in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients versus controls.<\/jats:p>\n                          <\/jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:list-item>\n                            <jats:p>Plasma phosphorylated tau variants significantly vary in their within\u2010subject biological variation, but their substantial fold\u2010changes in AD likely limits the impact of their variability.<\/jats:p>\n                          <\/jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:list-item>\n                            <jats:p>Plasma neurofilament light chain and glial fibrillary acidic protein demonstrate high between\u2010subject variation, the impact of which will depend on clinical context.<\/jats:p>\n                          <\/jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:list-item>\n                            <jats:p>Reference change values can potentially be useful in monitoring early disease progression and the safety\/efficacy of interventions on an individual level.<\/jats:p>\n                          <\/jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:list-item>\n                            <jats:p>Serial sampling revealed that unexpectedly high values in heathy individuals can be observed, which urges caution when interpreting AD plasma biomarkers based on a single test result.<\/jats:p>\n                          <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <\/jats:list>\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T17:39:20Z","timestamp":1700588360000},"page":"1284-1297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Biological variation estimates of Alzheimer's disease plasma biomarkers in healthy individuals"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Wagner S.","family":"Brum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg  M\u00f6lndal Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)  Porto Alegre Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas 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