{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T01:20:56Z","timestamp":1788225656175,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RF1 AG077386"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF1 AG077386"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AG055393"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AG055393"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alzheimer's &amp;amp; Dementia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>INTRODUCTION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recent evidence suggests that exposure to the stress of racism may increase the risk of dementia for Black Americans.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present study used 17 years of data from a sample of 255 Black Americans to investigate the extent to which exposure to racial discrimination predicts subsequent changes in serum Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (ADRC) biomarkers: serum phosphorylated tau181(p\u2010tau181), neurofilament light (NfL), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). We hypothesized that racial discrimination assessed during middle age would predict increases in these serum biomarkers as the participants aged into their 60s.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings indicate that exposure to various forms of racial discrimination during a person's 40s and early 50s predicts an 11\u2010year increase in both serum p\u2010tau181 and NfL. Racial discrimination was not associated with subsequent levels of GFAP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DISCUSSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest that racial discrimination in midlife may contribute to increased AD pathology and neurodegeneration later in life.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>A 17\u2010year longitudinal study of Black Americans.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Assessments of change in serum p\u2010tau181, neurofilament light, and glial fibrillary acidic protein.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Exposure to racial discrimination during middle age predicted increases in p\u2010tau181 and neurofilament light.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Education was positively related to both p\u2010tau181 and exposure to racial discrimination.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13751","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T07:00:20Z","timestamp":1712732420000},"page":"3485-3494","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Racial discrimination during middle age predicts higher serum phosphorylated tau and neurofilament light chain levels a decade later: A study of aging black Americans"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Ronald L.","family":"Simons","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei Ling","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Family Research University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Man\u2010Kit","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven R. 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