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However, the underlying mechanisms are not understood. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of reproductive factors on neuroimaging biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cerebrovascular pathologies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>We evaluated 389 females (median age of 71.7 years) enrolled in the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging with reproductive history data and longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. We used linear mixed effect models to examine the associations between reproductive factors and changes in neuroimaging measures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ever hormonal contraception (HC) use was longitudinally associated with higher fractional anisotropy across the corpus callosum, lower white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volume, and greater cortical thickness in an AD meta\u2010region of interest (ROI). The initiation of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT)\u00a0&gt;\u00a05 years post menopause was associated with higher WMH volume.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>DISCUSSION<\/jats:title><jats:p>HC use and initiation of MHT\u00a0&gt;5 years post menopause were generally associated with neuroimaging biomarkers of cerebrovascular pathologies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Hormonal contraception use was associated with better brain white matter (WM) integrity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Initiation of menopausal hormone therapy\u00a0&gt;5 years post menopause was associated with worsening brain WM integrity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Hormonal contraception use was associated with greater cortical thickness.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Ages at menarche and menopause and number of pregnancies were not associated with imaging measures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>There were few associations between reproductive factors or exogenous estrogens and amyloid or tau PET.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13890","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T03:44:41Z","timestamp":1718077481000},"page":"4613-4624","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Longitudinal associations of reproductive factors and exogeneous estrogens with neuroimaging biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease and cerebrovascular disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Jillian K.","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Prevention Wake Forest University School of Medicine  Winston\u2010Salem North Carolina 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