{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T17:45:30Z","timestamp":1781286330204,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]],"date-time":"2024-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005002","name":"California Department of Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alzheimer's &amp;amp; Dementia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>INTRODUCTION<\/jats:title><jats:p>The incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and obesity rise concomitantly. This study examined whether factors affecting metabolism, race\/ethnicity, and sex are associated with AD development.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>The analyses included patients \u2265 65 years with AD diagnosis in six University of California hospitals between January 2012 and October 2023. The controls were race\/ethnicity, sex, and age matched without dementia. Data analyses used the Cox proportional hazards model and machine learning (ML).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hispanic\/Latino and Native Hawaiian\/Pacific Islander, but not Black subjects, had increased AD risk compared to White subjects. Non\u2010infectious hepatitis and alcohol abuse were significant hazards, and alcohol abuse had a greater impact on women than men. While underweight increased AD risk, overweight or obesity reduced risk. ML confirmed the importance of metabolic laboratory tests in predicting AD development.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>DISCUSSION<\/jats:title><jats:p>The data stress the significance of metabolism in AD development and the need for racial\/ethnic\u2010 and sex\u2010specific preventive strategies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Hispanics\/Latinos and Native Hawaiians\/Pacific Islanders show increased hazards of Alzheimer's disease (AD) compared to White subjects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Underweight individuals demonstrate a significantly higher hazard ratio for AD compared to those with normal body mass index.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The association between obesity and AD hazard differs among racial groups, with elderly Asian subjects showing increased risk compared to White subjects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Alcohol consumption and non\u2010infectious hepatitis are significant hazards for AD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Machine learning approaches highlight the potential of metabolic panels for AD prediction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.14101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]],"date-time":"2024-08-14T07:00:16Z","timestamp":1723618816000},"page":"6765-6775","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Metabolic dysfunctions predict the development of Alzheimer's disease: Statistical and machine learning analysis of EMR data"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9642-8156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rex","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science University of California, Davis  Sacramento California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blythe","family":"Durbin\u2010Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences University of California, Davis  Sacramento California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Paciotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Center of Excellence University of California, Davis  Sacramento California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert T.","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics\/Gynecology University of California, Davis  Sacramento California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alyssa","family":"Weakley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of California, Davis  Sacramento California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science University of California, Davis  Sacramento California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2243-7759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu\u2010Jui Yvonne","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of California, Davis  Sacramento California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-021-03830-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13475"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.06.3063"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19485565.2017.1281100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-021-00589-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.0285"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbad143"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32129-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","volume-title":"Prevalence of obesity and severe obesity among adults: United States, 2017\u20132018. 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