{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T05:02:20Z","timestamp":1791435740256,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AG000513"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AG000513"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alzheimer's &amp;amp; Dementia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>INTRODUCTION<\/jats:title><jats:p>Relationships and interplay of an infection burden (IB) and periodontal pathogens or periodontal disease (Pd) markers with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and all\u2010cause dementia among US adults were examined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Less than or equal to 2997 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Survey III were linked to CMS\u2010Medicare [\u226545 years (1988\u20101994); \u226430 years follow\u2010up].<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hepatitis C (hazard ratio\u00a0=\u00a03.33, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.004) and herpes simplex virus 2 were strongly associated with greater all\u2010cause dementia risk. <jats:italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Streptococcus oralis<\/jats:italic> were associated with greater AD risk at higher IB. The red\u2010green periodontal pathogen cluster coupled with higher IB count increased the risk of all\u2010cause dementia among minority racial groups. Pocket probing depth associated with dementia risk at lower IB in the overall sample.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>DISCUSSION<\/jats:title><jats:p>Select viruses and bacteria were associated with all\u2010cause and AD dementia, while the IB interacted with Pd markers in relation to these outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Interplay of infection burden (IB) and periodontal disease with dementia was tested.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>\u22642997 participants from NHANES III were linked to Medicare.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Hepatitis C and herpes simplex virus 2 strongly associated with dementia risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Tetanus sero\u2010positivity increased Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p><jats:italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Streptococcus oralis<\/jats:italic> associated with AD at higher IB.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Red\u2010green periodontal cluster at high IB, increased dementia in racial minorities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Pocket probing depth associated with dementia risk at lower IB.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.14141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T06:20:18Z","timestamp":1723098018000},"page":"6468-6485","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Infection burden, periodontal pathogens, and their interactive association with incident all\u2010cause and Alzheimer's disease dementia in a large national survey"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"May 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Brigham Young University  Provo Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shawn D.","family":"Gale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Brigham Young University  Provo Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford Center on Longevity Stanford University  Palo Alto California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziad W.","family":"El\u2010Hajj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology McGill University  Montreal QC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele K.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences National Institute on Aging, NIA\/NIH\/IRP, NIA\/NIH\/IRP  Baltimore Maryland 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