{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T04:10:21Z","timestamp":1791259821657,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alzheimer's &amp;amp; Dementia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>INTRODUCTION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We investigated distinctive factors associated with cognitive reserve (CR) based on education level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 1247 participants who underwent neuropsychological assessment, amyloid positron emission tomography, and brain magnetic resonance imaging, 336 participants with low education (\u22646 years) and 697 with high education (\u226512 years) were selected. CR was measured as the difference between the predicted and observed value of cognitive function based on cortical thickness. Multiple linear regression was conducted in each group after controlling for age and sex.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the low\u2010education group, low literacy, long sleep duration(&gt;8\u00a0h\/day), and diabetes were negatively associated with CR, whereas cognitive and physical activity were positively associated with CR. In the high\u2010education group, cognitive activity was positively related to CR, whereas low literacy, long sleep duration (&gt;\u00a08\u00a0h\/day), and depression were negatively related to CR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DISCUSSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides insights into different strategies for enhancing CR based on educational background.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Factors associated with cognitive reserve (CR) varied according to the education level.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Diabetes and physical activity were associated with CR in the low\u2010education group.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Depression was related to CR in the high\u2010education group.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Low literacy, sleep duration, and cognitive activity were associated with CR in both groups.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Dementia\u2010prevention strategies should be tailored according to educational level.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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