{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T12:09:08Z","timestamp":1789560548186,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alzheimer's &amp;amp; Dementia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>Recent evidence suggests that ocular testing holds promise as a non\u2010invasive and cost\u2010effective method for the early detection of Alzheimer's disease (AD). After interviews with neurologists, optometrists, primary care physicians, and ophthalmologists, the potential for ocular biomarker testing to become a standard clinical practice in the future was assessed. Ocular tests offer a non\u2010invasive alternative to blood\u2010based testing, capturing a substantial niche of \u2248 4 to 8\u00a0million individuals in the United States during routine eye exams. Technical requirements for broad adoption include high accuracy comparable to blood\u2010based tests and 510(k) clearance. Ocular biomarker technology must meet the practical requirements of optometrists and ophthalmologists, including ease of implementation, automation, and a clear path to profitability. A sufficient body of evidence to support guideline inclusion, reimbursement, and clinical actionability will facilitate the adoption. As the field evolves, advances such as earlier detection of preclinical AD may further expand the role of ocular testing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Ocular biomarkers offer another non\u2010invasive alternative to blood\u2010based Alzheimer's disease testing.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Wide adoption will require accuracy akin to blood\u2010based tests and 510(k) clearance.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Ocular screening could benefit \u2248 4 to 8\u00a0million US individuals conducting routine eye exams.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Current ocular offerings remain nascent, and advances could expand this reach.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>New technology must show ease of implementation, automation, and a path to profit.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.14567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T05:28:11Z","timestamp":1739942891000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Unlocking ocular biomarkers for early detection of Alzheimer's disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Nikhil","family":"Dave","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gates Ventures  Kirkland Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hania","family":"Pavlou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ClearView Healthcare Partners  Newton Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Owen","family":"Im","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ClearView Healthcare Partners  Newton Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Goh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ClearView Healthcare Partners  Newton Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Ulin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ClearView Healthcare Partners  Newton Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Malzbender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gates Ventures  Kirkland Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eli","family":"Shobin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aishwarya","family":"Sukumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gates Ventures  Kirkland Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12362"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13809"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","volume-title":"Prescribing Information","author":"Leqembi","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","volume-title":"Prescribing Information","author":"Kisunla","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2023.05.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587\u2010023\u201000400\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12756"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.13855"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043754"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2023.5319"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","unstructured":"WilsonD VaskoA\u2010J KhareM et\u00a0al.A Blood Test for p\u2010Tau 217 to Aid in the Diagnostic Evaluation for Alzheimer's Disease.2023. 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