{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T12:08:49Z","timestamp":1789560529274,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740441600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007333","name":"Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 AG024904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 AG024904"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007333","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000070","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alzheimer's &amp;amp; Dementia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>INTRODUCTION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Studies use multiple different instruments to measure dementia\u2010related outcomes, making head\u2010to\u2010head comparisons of interventions difficult.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To address this gap, we developed two methods to crosswalk estimated treatment effects on cognitive outcomes that are flexible, broadly applicable, and do not rely on strong distributional assumptions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We present two methods to crosswalk effect estimates using one measure to estimates using another measure, illustrated with global cognitive measures from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). Specifically, we develop crosswalks for the following measures and associated change scores over time: the clinical dementia rating scale sum of box (CDR\u2010SB), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and Mini\u2010Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores. Finally, a setting in which crosswalking is not appropriate is illustrated with plasma phosphorylated tau (p\u2010tau) concentration and global cognitive measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DISCUSSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Given the inconsistent collection and reporting of dementia and cognitive outcomes across studies, these crosswalking methods offer a valuable approach to harmonizing and comparing results reported on different scales.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Developed methods to crosswalk from one cognitive outcome to another in studies of dementia interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Methods illustrated using combinations of global cognitive tests: the CDR\u2010SB, MoCA, and MMSE.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Illustrates scenarios where crosswalking may not be appropriate for certain combinations of measures.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Crosswalking methods support comparison of interventions with accurate error propagation.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Facilitates inclusion of more studies in meta\u2010analyses by increasing data comparability.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.14597","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T00:57:00Z","timestamp":1740531420000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Methods to crosswalk between cognitive test scores using data from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Cohort"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0181-6063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah F.","family":"Ackley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Brown University Providence Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingxuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology &amp; Biostatistics, UCSF San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruijia","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Boston University Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanisha G.","family":"Hill\u2010Jarrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Memory and Aging Center UCSF San Francisco California USA"},{"name":"Global Brain Health Institute, UCSF and Trinity College Dublin San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. Paloma","family":"Rojas\u2010Saunero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fielding School of Public Health University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Stokes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health Boston University Boston USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sachin J.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine and Center for Aging and Serious Illness Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Maria","family":"Glymour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Boston University Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"for the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2212948"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35157-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-150556"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2022.30"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1304839"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-210060"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-022-01381-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2019.1622124"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0361073X.2015.1085748"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2021.1891466"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-985X.00164"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwad197"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa399"}],"container-title":["Alzheimer's &amp; Dementia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/alz.14597","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/alz.14597","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/alz.14597","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T11:42:29Z","timestamp":1789558949000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/alz.14597"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/alz.14597"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alz.14597","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5260","1552-5279"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5260","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-5279","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-09-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-14","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e14597"}}