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Variations in BBB Kw across the Alzheimer's disease (AD) continuum remain uncertain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study encompassed 38 cognitively normal individuals without AD biomarkers (CN_A\u2013), 30 cognitively normal (CN_A+), and 31 cognitively impaired individuals (CI_A+) with positive AD biomarkers. Participants underwent clinical assessments, MRI\/positron emission tomography scans, and assays of plasma biomarkers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Significantly lower Kw was observed in multiple brain regions throughout the AD continuum. This alteration in Kw correlated with plasma biomarkers and neuropsychological performance. Elevated levels of phosphorylated tau 217 intensified the inverse relationship between Kw and neuropsychological performance. The integration of Kw, brain volume, and plasma biomarkers demonstrated potential in distinguishing stages within the AD continuum.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DISCUSSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Consistently lower Kw was evident across the AD continuum and may act as a diagnostic tool for early AD screening.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Observations revealed a decline in water exchange rate (Kw) across multiple brain regions within the Alzheimer's disease (AD) continuum, notably in the hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, and deep brain nuclei during the preclinical stage of AD.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Strong correlations were established between Kw levels in various brain regions and plasma biomarkers, as well as neuropsychological performance in the AD continuum.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Interaction between plasma phosphorylated tau (p\u2010tau)217 and Kw in the hippocampus was linked to executive function, indicating a combined detrimental impact on cognitive abilities stemming from both blood\u2014brain barrier Kw and p\u2010tau 217.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>The combined use of Kw, brain volume, and plasma biomarkers\u2014neurofilament light chain and glial fibrillary acidic protein\u2014demonstrated potential for distinguishing individuals within the AD continuum.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.70089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,30]],"date-time":"2025-03-30T00:17:28Z","timestamp":1743293848000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Decreased water exchange rate across the blood\u2013brain barrier throughout the Alzheimer's disease continuum: Evidence from Chinese data"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Guanqun","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingfeng","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT) USC Mark &amp; Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danny J. J.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT) USC Mark &amp; Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenli","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Xuan Wu Hospital of Capital Medical University Beijing China"},{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering Hainan University Haikou China"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering Shenzhen Bay Laboratory Gaoke Innovation Center Shenzhen China"},{"name":"Center of Alzheimer's Disease Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Beijing China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5773-0456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing 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