{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T12:05:59Z","timestamp":1789560359544,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alzheimer's &amp;amp; Dementia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>INTRODUCTION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retinal and choroidal vascular changes have been proposed as a non\u2010invasive central nervous system (CNS) proxy for clinical trials in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, their role in Down syndrome (DS), the largest genetically predisposed group for AD, remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted ultra\u2010widefield and optical coherence tomography imaging on 24 individuals with DS and 17 controls and extracted various vascular parameters. Data were analyzed using logistic and linear regression models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The DS retinae exhibited supernumerary vessels that were wider and thinned more rapidly along their paths (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.01). There was a more complex central retinal (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.047) and a less complex peripheral retinal vascular tree (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.001), with increased numbers of peripheral microvascular abnormalities (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.038) and reduced choroid vascularity index in DS (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DISCUSSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found that retinal and choroidal vascular changes are present in DS adults before the clinical onset of AD and might become early surrogates for cerebral vascular abnormalities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Eye imaging in DS showed retinal and choroidal changes seen in AD.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Far peripheral retinal microaneurysms and hemorrhages associated to DS.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Wider and faster thinning vessels associated to DS.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Reduced vascular tree complexity in the peripheral retina linked to DS.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Lower choroidal vascularity associated with DS.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.70228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T00:09:03Z","timestamp":1747094943000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Choroidal and retinal vascular changes in adults with Down syndrome: Insights into the Alzheimer's disease continuum"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Jamie","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome\u2010Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine School of Medicine Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences Queen's University Belfast  Belfast 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