{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:36:38Z","timestamp":1792024598635,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alzheimer's &amp;amp; Dementia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>INTRODUCTION<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study assessed the heterogeneous treatment effects (HTEs) of glucagon\u2010like peptide\u20101 receptor agonists (GLP\u20101RAs) and sodium\u2010glucose cotransporter\u20102 inhibitors (SGLT2is) on the risk of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>This target trial emulation study included adults (\u2265 50 years) with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and newly prescribed a GLP\u20101RA, SGLT2i, or other second\u2010line glucose\u2010lowering drugs (GLDs). A doubly robust learning approach was deployed to estimate the risk difference (RD) of ADRD and identify key subgroups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both GLP\u20101RAs (RD, \u22121.5%) and SGLT2is (\u22121.7%) were associated with a reduced ADRD risk compared to other GLDs. Key subgroups were determined based on cardiovascular disease (CVD), cerebrovascular disease (CeVD), chronic kidney disease, and Hispanic ethnicity. Patients with CVD and CeVD had the greatest benefits from GLP\u20101RAs (\u22124.8%) and SGLT2is (\u22124.6%). No overall difference was observed between GLP\u20101RAs and SGLT2i.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>DISCUSSION<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings suggest the importance of personalized treatment in diabetes management regarding ADRD risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Glucagon\u2010like peptide\u20101 receptor agonists (GLP\u20101RAs) were associated with a decreased risk of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD), while the protective association varied across subgroups defined by cardiovascular disease (CVD), cerebrovascular disease (CeVD), and chronic kidney disease (CKD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Similarly, sodium\u2010glucose cotransporter\u20102 inhibitors (SGLT2is) were associated with a decreased risk of ADRD, with the protective association varying among subgroups defined by CVD, CeVD, and Hispanic ethnicity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>There was no difference between GLP\u20101RAs and SGLT2is in the risk of ADRD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.70313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]],"date-time":"2025-05-31T02:35:53Z","timestamp":1748658953000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Heterogeneous treatment effects of GLP\u20101RAs and SGLT2is on risk of Alzheimer's disease and related dementia in patients with type 2 diabetes: Insights from a real\u2010world target trial emulation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Huilin","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy University of Florida College of Pharmacy  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William 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