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Parkinsonism (odds ratio [OR] 2.2 [95% confidence interval [CI] 1.9\u20132.6] and PD (OR 1.9 [95% CI 1.4\u20132.4]) were individually associated with baseline cognitive impairment and incident dementia. The pooled sub\u2010hazard ratios for dementia in fixed\u2010effect meta\u2010analysis were 1.5 (95% CI 1.2\u20131.9) for parkinsonism and 1.5 (95% CI 1.0\u20132.2) for PD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DISCUSSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Parkinsonism and PD were cross\u2010sectionally associated with cognitive impairment and prospectively associated with incident dementia. These findings underscore the importance of routine screening for cognitive impairment in individuals with parkinsonism and PD, to facilitate early detection and intervention strategies that mitigate adverse outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>The present study is one of the first longitudinal investigations into the association of parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease (PD) with cognitive impairment and dementia incidence in Latin America.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Parkinsonism and PD showed strong cross\u2010sectional associations with cognitive impairment, with consistent estimates across countries, independent of demographic factors.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Parkinsonism and PD were linked to a significantly higher incidence of dementia over a 4\u2010year follow\u2010up period.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Findings emphasize the need for routine cognitive screening in Parkinsonism and PD.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.70371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T06:16:12Z","timestamp":1752560172000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cognitive impairment and dementia in Latin American individuals with parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease: A 10\/66 Dementia Research Group study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Nusrat","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences Institute Faculty of Medical Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micaela Mar\u00eda","family":"Arruabarrena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cognitive Neurology Fleni Buenos Aires Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dani J.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Service and Population Research Department Institute of Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute 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Luisa","family":"Sosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of the Dementias, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Mexico City Mexico"},{"name":"National Autonomous University of Mexico Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daisy","family":"Acosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Geriatric Section Universidad Nacional Pedro Henriquez Ure\u00f1a (UNPHU) Santo Domingo Dominican Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivonne Z.","family":"Jimenez\u2010Velasquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department Geriatrics Program School of Medicine Medical Sciences Campus University of Puerto Rico San Juan Puerto Rico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariella","family":"Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de la Memoria Depresion y Enfermedades 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