{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T14:57:05Z","timestamp":1787497025401,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1S10RR023594S10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1S10RR023594S10"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007625","name":"Cure Alzheimer's Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["238023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["238023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007625","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alzheimer's &amp;amp; Dementia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>INTRODUCTION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our previous studies demonstrated the antimicrobial properties of amyloid beta (A\u03b2) of Alzheimer's disease (AD) against clinically relevant bacteria, yeast, and viruses. In this study, we investigate the antimicrobial function of the 37\u2010amino acid amylin of type 2 diabetes (T2D), expanding on its potential involvement in AD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used in vitro assays, including human three\u2010dimensional neuronal cell culture models, to test microbicidal, microbiostatic, and synergistic antimicrobial interactions between amylin and A\u03b2 against microbes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our results confirm that amylin is a broad\u2010spectrum antimicrobial peptide that exhibits both microbicidal and microbiostatic mechanisms. We also identified a synergistic antimicrobial effect between amylin and A\u03b2 in inhibiting\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      Typhimurium\u00a0and\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DISCUSSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings show that amylin is an antimicrobial peptide and functions synergistically with A\u03b2 against bacterial pathogens. Increased amylin secretion after bacterial infection suggests a broader biological role for amylin beyond its involvement in T2D.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Amylin is a potent antimicrobial peptide, eliminating\u00a0\u226599.9% bacteria at low doses.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Amylin efficiently traps and neutralizes microbes via a fibril\u2010driven mechanism.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>\n                            Amylin protects human cells and\n                            <jats:italic>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                            from\n                            <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                            or\n                            <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                            infection.\n                          <\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Synthetic amylin and amyloid beta (A\u03b2) together amplify antibacterial response against bacteria.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Synergy between cell\u2010derived amylin and A\u03b2 drives dynamic antimicrobial activity against neural infection.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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