{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T20:04:08Z","timestamp":1791403448701,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alzheimer's &amp; Dementia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cytokines and immune markers are critical in mediating inflammation associated with neurodegenerative disease. This review analyzes the role of inflammatory cytokines and immune markers in neurodegeneration among African populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta\u2010Analyses guidelines, we conducted a systematic review of studies examining cytokine levels in neurodegenerative diseases, focusing on populations of African ancestry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cytokines like interleukin (IL)\u20106, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1, plasma brain\u2010derived neurotrophic factor, and IL\u20108. IL\u20106 emerged as a key pro\u2010inflammatory marker linked to neurodegenerative diseases and cognitive decline, showing stronger correlations in African ancestry populations compared to Caucasians. Genetic findings revealed triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 variants and Fc fragment of IgG receptor IIb rs1050501 genotypes as influential in Alzheimer's disease (AD)\u2010related inflammation, alongside a unique correlation between immunoglobulin G index inflammatory markers and AD in African ancestry populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DISCUSSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings emphasize the crucial role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Understanding their variations among African populations can inform targeted therapeutic strategies and improve patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Interleukin (IL)\u20106 was identified as a key pro\u2010inflammatory marker, consistently linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease, and dementia, underscoring its significant role in neurodegenerative disease progression.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Brain\u2010derived neurotrophic factor levels were associated with improved cognitive performance, particularly in African American participants.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Observational studies identified sex\u2010based differences in IL\u201010 levels, particularly among older African American women.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>The review highlights notable ethnic differences in cytokines like IL\u20108, IL\u20101\u03b2, and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors, emphasizing their roles in neurodegeneration and cognitive decline in people of African descent.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 variants, immunoglobulin GM allotypes, and Fc fragment of IgG receptor IIb rs1050501 genotypes were found to influence AD\u2010related inflammation and progression in African ancestry populations.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.70514","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T09:05:09Z","timestamp":1753434309000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Cytokines and immune biomarkers in neurodegeneration and cognitive function: A systematic review among individuals of African ancestry"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5997-9829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maxwell Hubert","family":"Antwi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science School of Allied Health Sciences University of Cape Coast  Cape Coast Ghana"},{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science Faculty of Health Sciences Koforidua Technical University  Koforidua 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Cape Coast  Cape Coast Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9194-3762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David Larbi","family":"Simpong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science School of Allied Health Sciences University of Cape Coast  Cape Coast 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