{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T15:38:37Z","timestamp":1792597117207,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AG054066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AG054066"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alzheimer's &amp; Dementia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n INTRODUCTION<\/jats:title>\n The Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) is suitable for screening dementia, particularly in populations with limited education. However, its feasibility and psychometrics in South Africa remain unassessed.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n METHODS<\/jats:title>\n We analyzed 1309 index participant\u2013informant dyads from the Health and Aging in Africa: Longitudinal Study of an International Network for the Demographic Evaluation of Populations and Their Health Community in South Africa study in rural South Africa, assessing IQCODE completeness, associations with index participant\/informant characteristics, single\u2010factor structure and reliability via factor analysis, and validity through correlations with neuropsychological tests.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n Index participants averaged 71.9 years, with > 50% lacking formal education. IQCODE missingness declined across waves and was associated with index participant characteristics. IQCODE scores were correlated with both index participant and informant characteristics. The 16\u2010item IQCODE demonstrated a single\u2010factor structure explaining up to 66% of variance, strong internal consistency, and correlations with word and story recall, indicating high convergent validity.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n DISCUSSION<\/jats:title>\n IQCODE is a reliable, valid dementia assessment tool in rural South Africa, supporting broader African applications and cross\u2010national comparisons.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Highlights<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n Sixteen\u2010item Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) responses in rural South Africa support a single\u2010factor construct, explaining up to 66% of total observed variance.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n The single\u2010factor structure is reliable, as the IQCODE items data show high internal consistency (omega hierarchical\u00a0=\u00a00.90).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n The IQCODE score shows strong convergent validity with significant correlation with word and story recall memory measures.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n Index participants\u2019 characteristics are mainly associated with IQCODE completion.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n IQCODE contributes to dementia assessment in rural South Africa and other settings with low education populations.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n <\/jats:list>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.70584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T16:54:07Z","timestamp":1754672047000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Validity and reliability of the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) for dementia assessment in rural South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Muqi","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology University of Michigan School of Public Health Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara P.","family":"Taporoski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meagan T.","family":"Farrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nomsa B.","family":"Mahlalela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brent","family":"Tipping","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Division of Geriatric Medicine Wits Donald Gordon Medical Centre Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam M.","family":"Brickman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University New York New York USA"},{"name":"Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University New York New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer J.","family":"Manly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University New York New York USA"},{"name":"Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University New York New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Tollman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC\/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt) School of Public Health Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Agincourt South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa F.","family":"Berkman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2251-0613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darina T.","family":"Bassil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(24)00367\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"175","article-title":"Population ageing in South Africa: trends, impact, and challenges for the health sector","volume":"2019","author":"Solanki G","year":"2019","journal-title":"S Afr Health Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468\u20102667(21)00249\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2023.76"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12432"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v6i0.19646"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214\u2010109X(24)00325\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000437092"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx247"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v18i2.16"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08982643211012839"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610222000606"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dad2.12420"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13895"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s1041610204000390"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010079.pub2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610209008849"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291700005742"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s003329170002691x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu067"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyab250"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000503004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr1404_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02293557"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146621605278814"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","volume-title":"Psychometric Theory","author":"Nunnally J","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11336\u2010008\u20109102\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.2243"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2009.04.1234"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2020.1711967"}],"container-title":["Alzheimer's & Dementia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/alz.70584","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T20:38:10Z","timestamp":1759955890000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/alz.70584"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/alz.70584"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alz.70584","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5260","1552-5279"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5260","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-5279","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-16","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-08","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70584"}}