{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T14:29:49Z","timestamp":1792074589487,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]],"date-time":"2025-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]],"date-time":"2025-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764460800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 AG024904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 AG024904"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP14626"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP14626"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alzheimer's &amp;amp; Dementia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>INTRODUCTION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cerebrovascular injury is common in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but its timing in relation to A\u03b2 and tau pathology and cognitive decline remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We measured baseline vascular marker levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum from 75 Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) study participants, stratified into cognitively unimpaired (CU), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and AD groups (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a025\/group) and investigated associations with disease pathology (CSF and positron emission tomography [PET] amyloid beta [A\u03b2] and tau) and cognition (Clinical Dementia Rating scale [CDR], Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Mini\u2010Mental State Examination, and Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CSF markers of endothelial (placental growth factor, angiopoietin 2, angiotensin\u2010converting enzyme\u20101 [ACE\u20101]) and pericyte (soluble platelet\u2010derived growth factor receptor beta [sPDGFR\u03b2]) injury were elevated in AD. Most were also higher in CDR 0.5 than CDR 0 and correlated with CSF tau and cognitive impairment in CU and MCI groups, particularly in PET A\u03b2\u2010positive (A\u03b2+) participants. Serum sPDGFR\u03b2, tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin and epidermal growth factor homology domains\u20102 (TIE\u20102), and ACE\u20101 correlated with CSF measurements.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DISCUSSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cerebrovascular injury precedes the development of dementia and, particularly in PET A\u03b2+ individuals, progresses in close association with CSF tau and cognitive decline.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>We measured the levels of multiple markers of neurovascular injury in serum and CSF taken at baseline from CU, MCI, and AD participants in the ADNI study and investigated associations with CSF and PET markers of disease pathology and with cognitive decline.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>CSF markers of neurovascular injury, particularly PlGF, are elevated in very early stages of AD, including in MCI and in PET A\u03b2+ CU individuals. The levels are closely related to CSF t\u2010tau and p\u2010tau and to cognitive decline<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Levels of only a few neurovascular markers in serum correlate with those in CSF: sPDGFR\u03b2, TIE\u20102, and ACE\u20101.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.70957","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]],"date-time":"2025-11-30T12:36:16Z","timestamp":1764506176000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["CSF markers of vascular injury correlate with tau and cognitive decline in early Alzheimer's disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"J. Scott","family":"Miners","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cerebrovascular and Dementia Research Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School University of Bristol  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gargi","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cerebrovascular and Dementia Research Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School University of Bristol  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seth","family":"Love","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cerebrovascular and Dementia Research Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School University of Bristol  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"and for the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0281-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00927"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11934"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-020-02215-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44161-021-00014-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12331"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X17690761"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12935"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaf394"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46630-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04369-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.12.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0297-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006082"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-190721"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-019-0534-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-023-01199-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-021-00512-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000207358"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105694"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02706-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0000000000000623"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.14521"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12204"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.763"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2021.100954"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(06)70355-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51685"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1230-20.2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2017.0112"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-37840-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.70077"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.237974"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9051490"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000207113"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)00070-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2016.11.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awae034"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.70461"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-230811"}],"container-title":["Alzheimer's &amp; 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