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Linear mixed\u2010effects models estimated longitudinal functional decline (Clinical Dementia Rating) and fluid ADRD biomarker trajectories (plasma neurofilament light chain (NfL) and plasma phosphorylated tau\u2010217 (p\u2010tau217).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bilingual speakers showed slower progression of functional impairment and lower baseline NfL and p\u2010tau217, but not slower biomarker trajectories, compared to monolingual speakers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DISCUSSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found a protective effect of bilingualism on baseline levels of neuropathology and neurodegeneration and longitudinal functional decline, supporting a role of bilingualism in cognitive resilience across ADRDs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Explored longitudinal effects of bilingualism on functional decline, neurofilament light chain (NfL), andphosphorylated tau\u2010217 (p\u2010tau217).<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Used syndrome\u2010defined cohorts of monolingual and bilingual speakers.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>First study using NfL and p\u2010tau217 to study bilingualism's effects in cognitive resilience.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Bilinguals showed slower progression of functional impairment.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Bilinguals had lower baseline NfL and p\u2010tau217 but longitudinal trajectories did not differ.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.70991","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T11:22:18Z","timestamp":1766143338000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The role of bilingualism on functional decline and neurodegeneration in distinct ADRD clinical syndromes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Tablante","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Memory and Aging Center Weill Institute for Neurosciences 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