{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T14:25:06Z","timestamp":1786112706442,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R00AG078286 (NIA)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R00AG078286 (NIA)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23AARFD\u20101029261"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23AARFD\u20101029261"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R25MH136652 (NIMH\/OBSSR)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25MH136652 (NIMH\/OBSSR)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alzheimer's &amp;amp; Dementia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>INTRODUCTION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Older Black adults face higher dementia risk, but it is unclear whether social engagement offsets the effects of depression and restless sleep.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed 1,905 Black adults aged 50+ from the 2016\u20102020 Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Linear mixed\u2010effects models tested how depressive symptoms, restless sleep, and social engagement predicted baseline cognition and cognitive decline.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Higher depressive symptoms and restless sleep were associated with lower baseline cognition (about 0.2 and 0.5 points lower) and faster decline (\u03b2\u00d7time \u2248 \u22120.07 and \u22120.05). Greater social engagement predicted higher baseline cognition (about 0.6 points higher) and slower decline (\u03b2\u00d7time \u2248 0.08). Social engagement also buffered the negative effects of depressive symptoms and restless sleep on cognitive decline but did not affect their baseline associations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DISCUSSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Social engagement may help older Black adults preserve cognitive health despite depression or poor sleep through accessible community, religious, and volunteer activities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Depressive symptoms and restless sleep independently predicted poorer baseline cognition and faster cognitive decline among older Black adults, underscoring their distinct and additive roles in late\u2010life neurocognitive vulnerability.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Higher social engagement, measured through volunteering, religious participation, and group involvement was associated with better cognitive functioning and slower decline across three Health and Retirement Study (HRS) waves, even after full adjustment for demographic, socioeconomic, and health covariates.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Interaction effects showed that social engagement buffered the adverse cognitive effects of both depressive symptoms and restless sleep, indicating its role as a behavioral resilience factor in aging.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Culturally embedded forms of engagement, particularly faith\u2010based and community\u2010centered participation, emerged as salient protective pathways that align with existing social practices within Black communities.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Findings highlight the potential of community and faith\u2010based interventions to mitigate disparities in cognitive aging and to promote culturally meaningful strategies for sustaining brain health in older Black adults.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.71078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T08:30:41Z","timestamp":1768293041000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Social engagement moderates the relationship between cognitive functioning, depressive symptoms, and restless sleep in older black adults"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5471-7125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunkanmi","family":"Folorunsho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln  Lincoln Nebraska USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olufunmilola","family":"Abraham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice &amp; Science University of Kentucky  Lexington Kentucky USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9214-5677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darlingtina K.","family":"Esiaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioral Science University of Kentucky College of Medicine  Lexington Kentucky USA"},{"name":"Center for Health, Engagement, and Transformation University of Kentucky College of Medicine  Lexington Kentucky USA"},{"name":"Sanders\u2010Brown Center on Aging University of Kentucky  Lexington Kentucky USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582\u2010021\u201000589\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2024.2436468"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398\u2010022\u201002243\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08959420.2025.2528584"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000035557"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20406223211063020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906\u2010020\u201001095\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877\u2010022\u201002855\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2025.1541075"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877\u2010021\u201002314\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41105\u2010022\u201000444\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S504312"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.08.200"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/21677026231215661"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5435"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bs14040262"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2015.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbad116"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igaa035"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu067"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbx155"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000115976"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.637060"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000521389"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852920001927"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-817935-2.00021-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/clockssleep5020022"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34172\/ajnpp.2022.25"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520\u2010024\u201002897\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glac221"}],"container-title":["Alzheimer's &amp; Dementia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/alz.71078","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/alz.71078","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/alz.71078","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T15:35:32Z","timestamp":1785944132000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/alz.71078"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/alz.71078"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alz.71078","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5260","1552-5279"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5260","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-5279","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-08-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-06","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e71078"}}