{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T06:45:59Z","timestamp":1782542759810,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alzheimer's &amp;amp; Dementia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>INTRODUCTION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examined differential item functioning of the Geriatric Depression Scale \u2013 Short Form (GDS\u2010SF) in the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC) Uniform Data Set (UDS) to identify potential variables that produce measurement bias.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data from 14077 individuals\u2019 first NACC visit were analyzed. Multiple indicator, multiple causes (MIMIC) models assessed differential item functioning (DIF) of the 15\u2010item GDS\u2010SF across race, Hispanic ethnicity, primary language, sex, and cognitive status (Clinical Dementia Rating [CDR] scale scores), while adjusting for educational attainment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants were on average 73 (SD\u00a0=\u00a09.1) years old and 54.4% women. The majority (13 of 15) of the GDS\u2010SF items demonstrated DIF. For many items, participants with any level of CDR cognitive impairment were more likely to endorse depressive symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DISCUSSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings indicate the presence of widespread DIF by cognitive impairment severity such that individuals with even mild cognitive impairment may respond differently to certain items on this measure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>The Geriatric Depression Scale \u2013 Short Form (GDS\u2010SF) showed differential item functioning (DIF) in 13 of 15 items across demographic and cognitive groups.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Only two items\u2014hopelessness and worthlessness\u2014were invariant across all groups.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Cognitive status (Clinical Dementia Rating [CDR]) most strongly influenced item endorsement patterns.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Our study used a large, diverse sample (National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center Uniform Data Set [NACC UDS]) and robust DIF analytic methods.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Findings highlight both reliable and problematic GDS\u2010SF items for older adults.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.71114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T07:09:08Z","timestamp":1770880148000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Differential item functioning of the Geriatric Depression Scale\u2010short form in the NACC dataset"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Brenna N.","family":"Renn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Nevada  Las Vegas Nevada USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chad L.","family":"Cross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine Texas Tech University School of Veterinary Medicine  Amarillo Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ishrat","family":"Zaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology &amp; Biostatistics School of Public Health, University of Nevada  Las Vegas Nevada USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie T.","family":"Singsank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Nevada  Las Vegas Nevada USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Cobos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain Health Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine, University of Nevada  Las Vegas Nevada USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha E.","family":"John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain Health Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine, University of Nevada  Las Vegas Nevada USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD\u20102012\u2010111922"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2023.2309"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(24)01296\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5556"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. 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