{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T11:58:08Z","timestamp":1780315088336,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alzheimer's &amp;amp; Dementia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>INTRODUCTION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Inflammation contributes to Alzheimer's disease (AD), but its stage\u2010specific and amyloid\u2010dependent patterns remain unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We analyzed 964 participants from the Bio\u2010Hermes cohort (cognitively normal [CN]\u00a0=\u00a0404, mild cognitive impairment [MCI]\u00a0=\u00a0302, mild AD\u00a0=\u00a0258). Plasma levels of 32 cytokines, neurofilament light chain (NfL) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were quantified alongside core AD biomarkers. Associations with cognition, amyloid, apolipoprotein E (\n                      <jats:italic>APOE<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) \u03b54, and clinical outcomes were assessed using analysis of covariance, partial correlations, and regression models.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty\u2010four cytokines, NfL, and GFAP differed across cognitive groups. Amyloid stratification revealed a core amyloid\u2010independent profile (14 cytokines + NfL) and a broader amyloid\u2010specific profile including GFAP, interleukin (IL)\u20101\u03b2, and IL\u201018, implicating microglial inflammasome and astrocytic activation. Stage\u2010dependent patterns suggested inflammation may act as early driver, concurrent process, or late amplifier. Paradoxical associations (e.g., eotaxin\u20102, IL\u20102R with better memory) and\n                      <jats:italic>APOE<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u03b54\u2010linked immune differences indicated context\u2010dependent roles.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DISCUSSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This exploratory study reveals biologically plausible, inflammatory heterogeneity in AD and highlights plasma cytokine profiles as candidate biomarkers and therapeutic targets, warranting investigation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.71257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T10:01:52Z","timestamp":1773309712000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Plasma inflammatory biomarker profiles across the Alzheimer's disease spectrum in the Bio\u2010Hermes cohort"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0559-8289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zain","family":"Hussain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow  Glasgow Scotland UK"},{"name":"Scottish Brain Sciences  Edinburgh Scotland UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominic","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh Scotland UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Leighton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow  Glasgow Scotland UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fani","family":"Deligianni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing Science University of Glasgow  Glasgow Scotland UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Ritchie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scottish Brain Sciences  Edinburgh Scotland UK"},{"name":"School of Medicine University of St Andrews  St Andrews Scotland UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Cavanagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow  Glasgow Scotland UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(20)32205\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468\u20102667(21)00249\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2212948"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12213"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.70375"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13010054"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010019\u20101769\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11729"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654\u2010025\u201001220\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582\u2010020\u201000435\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380\u2010025\u201002939\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13485"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13722"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awae269"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa112"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195\u2010022\u201001063\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205013666160930110551"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024\u2010024\u201000772\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddaa182"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010019\u20101195\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591\u2010020\u20100815\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2024.100054"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2010.12.014"}],"container-title":["Alzheimer's &amp; Dementia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/alz.71257","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/alz.71257","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/alz.71257","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T09:13:02Z","timestamp":1780045982000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/alz.71257"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/alz.71257"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alz.71257","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5260","1552-5279"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5260","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-5279","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-04","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e71257"}}