{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T18:42:19Z","timestamp":1790707339733,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":240,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010969","name":"Alzheimer Nederland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WE.30\u20102022\u201004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WE.30\u20102022\u201004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010969","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alzheimer's &amp;amp; Dementia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB) maintains central nervous system homeostasis by regulating molecular exchange between blood and brain. BBB dysfunction is associated with aging and neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, stroke, and multiple sclerosis. Diverse approaches are used to study BBB structure and function, including cell\u2010based models, imaging techniques, and fluid biomarkers. While each method has distinct strengths, inherent limitations complicate interpretation and limit comparability across studies. In addition, many methods require specialized expertise, hindering the interdisciplinary integration of findings. This review outlines commonly used methods to assess BBB dysfunction and critically evaluates their relevance, advantages, and drawbacks. It provides guidance for selecting suitable techniques, proposes guidelines, and highlights key challenges in data interpretation. Finally, the review emphasizes the need to clearly define the specific BBB aspect under investigation, calls for standardized protocols, and encourages combining approaches to improve research quality and translation into clinically meaningful insights and applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.71263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T03:01:10Z","timestamp":1773630070000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Measuring blood\u2013brain barrier dysfunction: a critical appraisal of fluid biomarkers, in vitro models, in vivo imaging, and\n                    <i>post\u2010mortem<\/i>\n                    approaches"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6040-8481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shakira A.","family":"van der Panne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics Amsterdam University Medical Centre Location AMC  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Neuroscience Amsterdam University Medical Centre  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences Amsterdam University Medical Centre  Amsterdam The Netherland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3071-4432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Durrant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C.J. Gorter MRI Center Department of Radiology Leiden University Medical Center  Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jannis F.","family":"Heuer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam Neuroscience Amsterdam University Medical Centre  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology Amsterdam University Medical Centre Location VUmc  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1151-6243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivana","family":"Kancheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C.J. Gorter MRI Center Department of Radiology Leiden University Medical Center  Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0030-285X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arno","family":"Stellingwerf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Medical Centre  Nijmegen The Netherlands"},{"name":"Radboud Alzheimer Centre Radboud University Medical Centre  Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lieuwe T. K. M.","family":"Verkaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric Medicine Radboud University Medical Centre  Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2329-5203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damon","family":"Verstappen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology &amp; Nuclear Medicine Maastricht University Medical Centre  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Mental Health and Neuroscience Research Institute (MHeNs) Maastricht University  Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascalle","family":"Mossel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Leiden University Medical Centre  Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7905-0681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter H.","family":"Backes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology &amp; Nuclear Medicine Maastricht University Medical Centre  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Mental Health and Neuroscience Research Institute (MHeNs) Maastricht University  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM) Maastricht University  Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2819-5818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik N. T. P.","family":"Bakker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics Amsterdam University Medical Centre Location AMC  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences Amsterdam University Medical Centre  Amsterdam The Netherland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1778-8151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jurgen A. H. R.","family":"Claassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric Medicine Radboud University Medical Centre  Nijmegen The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Sciences University of Leicester  Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4635-7876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcel M.","family":"Verbeek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Medical Centre  Nijmegen The Netherlands"},{"name":"Radboud Alzheimer Centre Radboud University Medical Centre  Nijmegen The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Human Genetics Radboud University Medical Centre  Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5997-2125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise","family":"van der Weerd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C.J. Gorter MRI Center Department of Radiology Leiden University Medical Center  Leiden The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Human Genetics Leiden University Medical Centre  Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7034-8959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias J. P.","family":"van Osch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C.J. Gorter MRI Center Department of Radiology Leiden University Medical Center  Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7904-7124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helga E.","family":"de Vries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam Neuroscience Amsterdam University Medical Centre  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology Amsterdam University Medical Centre Location VUmc  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2003.12.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23648"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a020412"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.57.2.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749\u20106632.1988.tb51416.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006995910836"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"149","article-title":"Ultrastructure of the blood\u2010brain barrier in the rabbit","volume":"31","author":"Sedlakova R","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.2.695"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1537\u20101891(02)00201\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678x241241908"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1824"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.40.3.648"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0026\u20102862(85)90042\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1985.58.6.1929"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.34.1.207"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901520103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392\u2010023\u201001481\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.51413"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00914"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20215372"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281\u2010009\u20100177\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003748"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2045\u20108118\u20108\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978\u20101\u201060761\u2010938\u20103_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2007.07.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2017.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","first-page":"123","article-title":"The structure and function of blood\u2010brain barrier in ischaemic brain stroke process","volume":"51","author":"I\u0142zecka J","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sk\u0142odowska Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.188"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac495"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2011.04.066"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.09.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3407"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.12225"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.07.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591\u2010018\u20100297\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.004534"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2016152244"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2674\u201008.2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481\u2010006\u20109025\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00075198\u2010200204000\u201000002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012639011-7\/50025-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000058480.77236.B3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000723"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1567201819666220303102614"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10545\u2010013\u20109608\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987\u2010021\u201000240\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031419"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12506"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195\u2010019\u20100534\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.22617"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26402\/jpp.2019.2.04"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201900029"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12060962"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.70104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.147.1.185"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228\u2010024\u201003664\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978\u20100\u201012\u2010804279\u20103.00002\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357\u2010024\u201001294\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165\u20100173(03)00177\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987\u2010018\u20100120\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987\u2010018\u20100102\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.57.8.897"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/135245898678909439"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468\u20101331.2006.01493.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD\u20102011\u2010101959"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm\u20102015\u20100253"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14088"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072\u2010022\u201006530\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864\u2010015\u20102159\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415\u2010002\u20100777\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1999.16.617"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2008.0738"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.903455"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4061\/2010\/635053"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6741"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2009.12.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678x221146127"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195\u2010024\u201001529\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/1743132815Y.0000000018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04\u20103458fje"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2016.175"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.11.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2908"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2023.166967"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2022.121525"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346\u2010017\u20100464\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987\u2010018\u20100117\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00230"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/51300"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.slast.2023.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592\u2010019\u20100586\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2989"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987\u2010021\u201000294\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17691\/stm2018.10.2.19"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580\u2010010\u20101149\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.09.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro\u20102013\u20100041"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.82.19.6706"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3776\u201009.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0197\u20104580(87)90053\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0084109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010023\u201042431\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4132\/jptm.2016.08.08"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vascn.2009.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-191-8_25"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011\u2010021\u201000694\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00507826"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7628037"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975\u2010010\u20100049\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401\u2010016\u20101551\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021640"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678x16629976"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2010.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.47326"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2007.12.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1602\/neurorx.2.1.27"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2019.04.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2014.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/micc.12176"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010023\u201042225\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.22602"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2015.04.054"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00589.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1140\/epjs\/s11734\u2010023\u201001081\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471\u20102202\u201013\u2010101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0077548"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2013.03.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.309823.117"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_135_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2017.08.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_136_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29490"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_137_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s1012601\u20100053\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_138_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201200144"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_139_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20517\/cdr.2021.35"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_140_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408444.2019.1617236"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_141_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006\u20103495(98)77643\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_142_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/intv.29728"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_143_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2009.89.Long\u2010term"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_144_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.12.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_145_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678x231167729"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_146_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/lsa.2017.153"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_147_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.11.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_148_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000352"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_149_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200302070"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_150_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.28989"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_151_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2010.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_152_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003556"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_153_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP276887"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_154_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2023.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_155_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13104\/imri.2017.21.3.171"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_156_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1985.87"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_157_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2014.126"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_158_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.25793"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_159_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2019.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_160_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.28629"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_161_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678x251364151"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_162_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.29753"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_163_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26598"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_164_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A0831"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_165_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnmrs.2019.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_166_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.25396"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_167_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3966"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_168_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678x241237484"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_169_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035\u2010015\u20109672\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_170_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18383\/j.tom.2015.00175"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_171_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22861"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_172_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2016.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_173_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00221"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_174_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.009589"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_175_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682\u2010018\u20109855\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_176_1","unstructured":"Contrast Media Safety Committee. Guidelines 2025.2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_177_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.571480"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_178_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13874"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_179_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2015.16.4.791"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_180_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975\u2010014\u20100358\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_181_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1132077"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_182_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2010.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_183_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.10.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_184_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.23822"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_185_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22601"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_186_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2009.99"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_187_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.719676"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_188_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.08.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_189_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.23104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_190_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.27632"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_191_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.29581"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_192_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.5256"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_193_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.12.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_194_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.01.12.575463"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_195_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2025.121098"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_196_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.28687"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_197_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2025.121141"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_198_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.27141"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_199_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/nipt\u20102023\u20100018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_200_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22782"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_201_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.24395"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_202_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmr.2009.07.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_203_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987\u2010023\u201000422\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_204_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.29616"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_205_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.09.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_206_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4510"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_207_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2024.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_208_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00214"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_209_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.30376"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_210_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234\u2010016\u20101713\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_211_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.117807"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_212_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678x16673385"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_213_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ddtec.2014.03.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_214_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138920011798356980"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_215_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-53176-8_22"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_216_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cn3001729"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_217_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clpt.2006.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_218_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-022-05997-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_219_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2008.135"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_220_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm401764a"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_221_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410060502"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_222_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2017.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_223_1","first-page":"201","article-title":"Diminished glucose transport and phosphorylation in Alzheimer's disease determined by dynamic FDG\u2010PET","volume":"37","author":"Piert M","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_224_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678x16659672"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_225_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13111752"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_226_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MNM.0000000000000385"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_227_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1987.102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_228_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1991.127"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_229_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1993.94"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_230_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552\u20106569.2012.00704.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_231_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyx314"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_232_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010025\u201058356\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_233_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00155"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_234_1","first-page":"1431","article-title":"Understanding the standardized uptake value, its methods, and implications for usage","volume":"45","author":"Thie JA","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_235_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadm.2016.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_236_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2018.2869868"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_237_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14081658"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_238_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.0c01014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_239_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401\u2010016\u20101662\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_240_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987\u2010025\u201000685\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_241_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.09.036"}],"container-title":["Alzheimer's &amp; Dementia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/alz.71263","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/alz.71263","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/alz.71263","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T09:13:52Z","timestamp":1780046032000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/alz.71263"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":240,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/alz.71263"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alz.71263","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5260","1552-5279"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5260","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-5279","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-05","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e71263"}}