{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T05:59:48Z","timestamp":1785477588715,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alzheimer's &amp;amp; Dementia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>INTRODUCTION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a heterogeneous disease with diverse disease progression trajectories and brain pathology. Identifying AD subtypes is essential for understanding AD etiology, heterogeneity, and developing precise treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We applied a subspace\u2010merging algorithm to integrate multi\u2010omics data from brain tissues of three large AD cohorts and identify data\u2010driven AD subtypes. Within each cohort, we performed multiple analyses to characterize subtype\u2010specific biology. A Phenome\u2010wide Association Study (PheWAS) of expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) targeting differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was conducted to link molecular differences to disease phenotypes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified AD subtypes that differed in cognitive and pathological phenotypes in three cohorts. Further analyses highlighted synaptic and neurotransmission pathways, and the PheWAS revealed significant associations with disease phenotypes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DISCUSSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our developed integration algorithm successfully merged different data modalities into a common subspace for patient clustering and identified data\u2010driven subtypes. The identified transcriptomic signatures provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying AD heterogeneity, paving the way for personalized AD treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.71292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T03:05:15Z","timestamp":1777518315000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Identification of Alzheimer's disease subtypes and biomarkers from human multi\u2010omics data using subspace merging algorithm"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5679-1751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziyan","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science Indiana University School of Medicine  Indianapolis Indiana 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