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We examined how glial activation and pathological burden differ between the olfactory cortex (OC) and olfactory bulb (OB) across disease stages.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Post mortem<\/jats:italic>\n                      OC and OB samples from cognitively normal (CN), mild cognitive impairment, and AD cases were analyzed using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence for amyloid beta (A\u03b2), phosphorylated tau (pTau), Iba1 (microglia), GFAP (astrocyte), and apolipoprotein E (apoE).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both regions showed stage\u2010dependent increases in A\u03b2 and pTau, with regionally distinct glial responses. ApoE signal varied with clinical stage rather than genotype. Co\u2010expression analyses revealed astrocyte\u2010linked networks in the OC and microglia\u2010linked relationships in the OB.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DISCUSSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings demonstrate spatially heterogenous glial pathology architectures in the human olfactory system, supporting its role as an early and regionally diverse site of AD vulnerability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.71322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T05:58:23Z","timestamp":1775541503000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Glial pathology networks reveal early olfactory vulnerability in\n                    <i>post mortem<\/i>\n                    human Alzheimer's disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Da 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