{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T22:21:30Z","timestamp":1791411690599,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01AG086827"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AG086827"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alzheimer's &amp;amp; Dementia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>INTRODUCTION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Comprehensive cost measurement is essential for an effective policy response to societal dementia costs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using dynamic microsimulation, the Health and Retirement Study, and other national data, we quantified the 2026 cost of dementia in the United States.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 2026, 5.7 million (95% confidence interval [CI] [5.6, 6.0]) US adults aged 51 and older are living with dementia, supported by 5.2 million (95% CI [4.9, 5.5]) care partners. Total costs are $818 billion (B, 95% CI [759, 866]), driven by quality\u2010of\u2010life losses for persons with dementia ($320B, 95% CI [269, 363]) and care partners ($15B 95% CI [6, 25]). Unpaid care ($237B, 95% CI [220, 253]), earnings losses ($23B), and out\u2010of\u2010pocket costs combined with quality\u2010of\u2010life losses account for 80% of costs and are borne by families. Governments cover 70% of healthcare costs ($222B, 95% CI [209, 237]).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DISCUSSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The costs of dementia fall on families, highlighting limited policy and work supports. Treatment innovation may increase medical costs but reduce caregiver burden and improve quality of life.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>The costs of dementia in the United States in 2026 are $818 billion.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Quality\u2010of\u2010life losses are the largest driver of dementia's total burden.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Individuals and families bear over three times the cost versus health systems.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Methods enable analysis of treatment, care, and policy innovations on future costs.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.71480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T11:00:16Z","timestamp":1782298816000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The cost of dementia in the United States in 2026"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Johanna","family":"Thunell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leonard D. Schaeffer Institute for Public Policy and Government Service University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"Sol Price School of Public Policy University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan","family":"Tysinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leonard D. Schaeffer Institute for Public Policy and Government Service University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"Sol Price School of Public Policy University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Baumgart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alzheimer's Association  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Carrillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alzheimer's Association  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eileen","family":"Crimmins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leonard Davis School of Gerontology University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Goldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leonard D. Schaeffer Institute for Public Policy and Government Service University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"Sol Price School of Public Policy University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanke","family":"Heun\u2010Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leonard D. Schaeffer Institute for Public Policy and Government Service University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"Sol Price School of Public Policy University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mireille","family":"Jacobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leonard D. Schaeffer Institute for Public Policy and Government Service University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"Leonard Davis School of Gerontology University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoff","family":"Joyce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leonard D. Schaeffer Institute for Public Policy and Government Service University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duncan","family":"Leaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leonard D. Schaeffer Institute for Public Policy and Government Service University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"Sol Price School of Public Policy University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lycia Tramujas Vasconcellos","family":"Neumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alzheimer's Association  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Zissimopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leonard D. Schaeffer Institute for Public Policy and Government Service University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"Sol Price School of Public Policy University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01296-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.12923"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2212948"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.13239"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.14184"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00361-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","unstructured":"Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services.GUIDE (Guiding an Improved Dementia Experience) Model. Updated November 24 2025.https:\/\/www.cms.gov\/priorities\/innovation\/innovation\u2010models\/guide"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/fhep-2014-0013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41514-024-00136-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1204629"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Addressing the diverse needs of unpaid caregivers through new health\u2010care policy opportunities","volume":"31","author":"Reyes AM","year":"2021","journal-title":"Public Policy Aging Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15552"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lana.2021.100179"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/trc2.12082"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-190310"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbaa083"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.3543"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2015.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.4169"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbx147"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0274417"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/s41288-017-0057-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.5.230"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2017.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","article-title":"A Dynamic Microsimulation Method for Estimating Dementia Costs in the United States","author":"Tysinger B","journal-title":"Alzheimer's Dement"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","unstructured":"Data from: Health and Retirement Study.Public use datasets. Produced and distributed by the University of Michigan with funding from the National Insitute on Aging (grant U01AG009740). Ann Arbor MI:University of Michigan. Deposited 1998\u20102022."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","unstructured":"Data from: Health and Retirement Study RAND HRS Longitudinal File 2020 public use datased.Produced and by the RAND Center for the Study of Aging Santa Monica CA."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trci.2019.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/fhep\u20102014\u20100013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000945"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","unstructured":"LangaKM.Langa\u2010Weir classification of cognitive function (1995\u20102020).Survey Research Center Institute for Social Research University of Michigan;2025.https:\/\/hrsdataisrumichedu\/sites\/default\/files\/documentation\/data\u2010descriptions\/1680034270\/Data_Description_Langa_Weir_Classifications2020pdf.2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","unstructured":"GenworthC.Calculate the cost of long\u2010term care near you.2025.https:\/\/www.carescout.com\/cost\u2010of\u2010care"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890109002092"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08982643241262917"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13809"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.70235"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12362"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2020.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.6072"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","unstructured":"United States Census Bureau.Projections for the United States: 2023 to 2100.2023.https:\/\/www.census.gov\/data\/tables\/2023\/demo\/popproj\/2023\u2010summary\u2010tables.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbaf222"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbr048"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acaa096"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","article-title":"Lifetime social returns from expanding access to anti\u2010obesity medications","author":"Ward AS","year":"2025","journal-title":"Schaeffer Center White Paper Series"}],"container-title":["Alzheimer's &amp; Dementia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/alz.71480","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/alz.71480","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/alz.71480","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T14:02:35Z","timestamp":1782309755000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/alz.71480"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/alz.71480"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alz.71480","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5260","1552-5279"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5260","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-5279","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-12","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e71480"}}