{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T05:12:12Z","timestamp":1788671532173,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alzheimer's &amp; Dementia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>INTRODUCTION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Socioeconomic factors influence cognitive outcomes and may modify associations between neuropathologies and cognitive outcomes, yet evidence from low\u2010 and middle\u2010income contexts remains scarce.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We used harmonized data from nationally representative studies in the United States (Health and Retirement Study \u2010 Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol [HRS\u2010HCAP];\n                      <jats:italic>N\u00a0=<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a01956) and India (Longitudinal Aging Study in India \u2010 Diagnostic Assessment of Dementia [LASI\u2010DAD];\n                      <jats:italic>N\u00a0=<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a01485) and multivariable\u2010adjusted linear regression models to examine effect modification of associations between blood biomarkers of neuropathology (amyloid beta [A\u03b2]42\/40, phosphorylated tau [p\u2010tau\u2010181], glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP], and neurofilament light chain [NfL]) and dementia\u2010related outcomes (cognitive functioning, dementia) by socioeconomic factors (educational attainment, paternal education, and total household wealth and assets).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neuropathology biomarkers were associated with cognitive outcomes in both samples; however, no consistent evidence of effect modification by socioeconomic factors was observed across included biomarkers or cognitive measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DISCUSSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggested limited modification of blood biomarker\u2013cognition relationships by socioeconomic status in diverse settings, potentially influenced by random measurement error, regression dilution bias, and low power. Further comparisons across biomarker modalities are warranted to clarify expected associations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.71729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T02:59:43Z","timestamp":1786503583000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Probing effect modification by socioeconomic status in associations between blood biomarkers of neuropathology and cognitive outcomes in the United States and India"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9005-3872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma","family":"Nichols","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Economic and Social Research University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"Leonard Davis School of Gerontology University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung Ki","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leonard Davis School of Gerontology University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leon M.","family":"Aksman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alden L.","family":"Gross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peifeng","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geriatric Medicine University of California, Los Angeles  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay C.","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"},{"name":"Institute for Social Research University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bharat","family":"Thyagarajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology University of Minnesota  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinkook","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Economic and Social Research University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"Department of Economics University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eileen M.","family":"Crimmins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leonard Davis School of Gerontology University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2022.81"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1529100620920576"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1231\u201023.2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181e7ca97"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD\u20102009\u20101077"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.6.1504"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13736"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyg.12552"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474\u20104422(12)70191\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10389\u2010023\u201001825\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195\u2010022\u201001149\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401\u2010010\u20100718\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26460"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwad197"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13694"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwaf179"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbaf202"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000503004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16737"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen\u20102019\u2010030300"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu067"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyab266"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666\u20107568(23)00170\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.09.17.23295674"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.3543"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877251361934"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeatonA ZaidiS Guidelines for constructing consumption aggregates for welfare analysis.World Bank Publications;2002.","DOI":"10.1596\/0-8213-4990-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101258"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2102953"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007036"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591\u2010025\u201003828\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065\u2010021\u201009478\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.066616"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igae098.1504"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380\u2010025\u201003166\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000209307"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877241306448"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474\u20104422(16)00070\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51670"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxab011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glag068"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000013211"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.02.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582\u2010021\u201000616\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010021\u201023620\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu149"}],"container-title":["Alzheimer's &amp; Dementia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/alz.71729","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/alz.71729","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/alz.71729","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T04:21:15Z","timestamp":1788668475000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/alz.71729"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/alz.71729"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alz.71729","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5260","1552-5279"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5260","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-5279","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-03","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-11","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e71729"}}