{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T11:02:49Z","timestamp":1790334169950,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alzheimer's &amp; Dementia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>INTRODUCTION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The apolipoprotein E (\n                      <jats:italic>APOE<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) \u03b54 allele accelerates cognitive decline through multiple biological pathways\u2014including neuroinflammatory, vascular, and stress\u2010regulatory mechanisms\u2014yet few modifiable behaviors counter this genetic vulnerability. Prosocial helping engages these same systems in opposing directions, suggesting it may attenuate\n                      <jats:italic>APOE<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u03b54\u2013related cognitive decline.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We analyzed more than two decades of longitudinal data from a large, multiethnic US sample (\n                      <jats:italic>N\u00a0=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      17,972). Multilevel models that isolate within\u2010person change tested whether transitions in formal volunteering and informal helping moderate\n                      <jats:italic>APOE<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u03b54\u2013related cognitive decline, while addressing key sources of endogeneity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adopting and sustaining formal volunteering attenuated the accelerated cognitive decline typically observed among \u03b54 carriers, with protective associations evident at modest engagement levels (\u2264 4\u00a0hours\/week). Informal helping was uniquely protective among Hispanic older adults, highlighting the role of cultural context in prosocial engagement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DISCUSSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Prosocial helping may be a feasible, scalable strategy for slowing\n                      <jats:italic>APOE<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u03b54\u2013driven cognitive decline.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.71877","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T07:19:47Z","timestamp":1790147987000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prosocial helping behaviors attenuate accelerated cognitive decline driven by\n                    <i>APOE<\/i>\n                    \u03b54"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4128-0398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sae Hwang","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Development and Family Sciences College of Natural Sciences and Population Research Center University of Texas at Austin  Austin Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica Danielle","family":"Faul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Survey Research Center Institute for Social Research University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.70235"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024\u2010022\u201000574\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2023.3599"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591\u2010024\u201002931\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474\u20104422(20)30412\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12123"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.4365"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.14304"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037610"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529\u2010023\u201010187\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.02.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12578"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/abm\/kaac059"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2025.107552"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbx082"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117501"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2017.03.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13703"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.112970"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11266\u2010016\u20109731\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanhl.2024.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/psrm.2014.7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15195\/v7.a19"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu067"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475\u2010679X.12559"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbr048"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"OfstedalMB FisherGG HerzogAR Documentation of Cognitive Functioning Measures in the Health and Retirement Study. HRS Documentation Report DR\u2010006.Institute for Social Research University of Michigan;2005.","DOI":"10.7826\/ISR-UM.06.585031.001.05.0010.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","unstructured":"FaulJ MitchellC SmithJA et\u00a0al.HRS APOE and Serotonin Transporter Alleles \u2014 Early Release.Survey Research Center University of Michigan;2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","unstructured":"WareEB HornishU NolteM FaulJ HRS Polygenic Scores \u2014 Release 5: 2006\u20102012 Genetic Data.Survey Research Center University of Michigan;2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588\u2010022\u201001024\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12920\u2010020\u201000815\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118465"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbaa101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000239"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SingerJD WillettJB Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis: Modeling Change and Event Occurrence.Oxford University Press;2003.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195152968.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gln024"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2378023119826441"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DemetrescuM FrondelM TombergL VanceC Fixed Effects Lagged Dependent Variables and Bracketing: A Cautionary Note. USAEE Working Paper No. 23\u2010595.2023. doi:10.2139\/ssrn.4522212","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4522212"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380\u2010025\u201003274\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","article-title":"How not to fool ourselves about heterogeneity of treatment effects","volume":"8","author":"Hippel PT","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Methods Pract Psychol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S404880"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010devpsych\u2010121318\u2010085204"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173885"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","first-page":"99","article-title":"Age and cohort trends in formal volunteering and informal helping in later life: evidence from the Health and Retirement Study","volume":"60","author":"Han SH","year":"2023","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/48.1.59"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/25424823241290528"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbae172"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.12.005"}],"container-title":["Alzheimer's &amp; Dementia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/alz.71877","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/alz.71877","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/alz.71877","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T10:13:39Z","timestamp":1790331219000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/alz.71877"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/alz.71877"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alz.71877","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5260","1552-5279"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5260","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-5279","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-26","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e71877"}}