{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T15:53:13Z","timestamp":1793893993757,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]],"date-time":"2020-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588291200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Merit Review Award # 5 I01 BX002519\u201004 (to CR)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Merit Review Award # 5 I01 BX002519\u201004 (to CR)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Senior Research Career Scientist Award (to SM)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Senior Research Career Scientist Award (to SM)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Anim Models and Exp Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To better characterize nonunion endochondral bone healing and evaluate novel therapeutic approaches for critical size defect healing in clinically challenging bone repair, a segmental defect model of bone injury was adapted from the three\u2010point bending closed fracture technique in the murine femur.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mouse femur was surgically stabilized with an intramedullary threaded rod with plastic spacers and the defect adjusted to different sizes. Healing of the different defects was analyzed by radiology and histology to 8\u00a0weeks postsurgery. To determine whether this model was effective for evaluating the benefits of molecular therapy, BMP\u20102 was applied to the defect and healing then examined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Intramedullary spacers were effective in maintaining the defect. Callus bone formation was initiated but was arrested at defect sizes of 2.5\u00a0mm and above, with no more progress in callus bone development evident to 8\u00a0weeks healing. Cartilage development in a critical size defect attenuated very early in healing without bone development, in contrast to the closed femur fracture healing, where callus cartilage was replaced by bone. BMP\u20102 therapy promoted osteogenesis of the resident cells of the defect, but there was no further callus development to indicate that healing to pre\u2010surgery bone structure was successful.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This segmental defect adaptation of the closed femur fracture model of murine bone repair severely impairs callus development and bone healing, reflecting a challenging bone injury. It is adjustable and can be compared to the closed fracture model to ascertain healing deficiencies and the efficacy of therapeutic approaches.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ame2.12114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]],"date-time":"2020-05-01T09:49:55Z","timestamp":1588326595000},"page":"130-139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["A segmental defect adaptation of the mouse closed femur fracture model for the analysis of severely impaired bone healing"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Amandeep","family":"Kaur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Musculoskeletal Disease Center Research Service (151) Jerry L. 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