{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T14:09:22Z","timestamp":1770818962719,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]],"date-time":"2022-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Anim Models and Exp Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic> mouse is a model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a fatal progressive muscle wasting disease caused by dystrophin deficiency, and is used most widely in preclinical studies. Mice with dystrophin deficiency, however, show milder muscle strength phenotypes than humans. In human, the introduction of a sandwich enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit revealed a more than 700\u2010fold increase in titin N\u2010terminal fragment levels in the urine of pediatric patients with DMD. Notably, the urinary titin level declines with aging, reflecting progression of muscle wasting. In mouse, development of a highly sensitive ELISA kit has been awaited. Here, a sandwich ELISA kit to measure titin N\u2010terminal fragment levels in mouse urine was developed. The developed kit showed good linearity, recovery, and repeatability in measuring recombinant or natural mouse titin N\u2010terminal fragment levels. The titin N\u2010terminal fragment concentration in the urine of <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic> mice was more than 500\u2010fold higher than that of normal mice. Urinary titin was further analyzed by extending the collection of urine samples to both young (3\u201311\u00a0weeks old) and aged (56\u201358\u00a0weeks old) <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic> mice. The concentration in the young group was significantly higher than that in the aged group. It was concluded that muscle protein breakdown is active and persistent in <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic> mice even though the muscle phenotype is mild. Our results provide an opportunity to develop DMD treatments that aim to alleviate muscle protein breakdown by monitoring urinary titin levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ame2.12204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]],"date-time":"2022-02-03T08:38:28Z","timestamp":1643877508000},"page":"48-55","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A sandwich ELISA kit reveals marked elevation of titin N\u2010terminal fragment levels in the urine of <i>mdx<\/i> mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Taku","family":"Shirakawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Locomotion Biology Kobe Gakuin University  Kobe Japan"},{"name":"KNC Department of Nucleic Acid Drug Discovery Faculty of Rehabilitation Kobe Gakuin University  Kobe 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