{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T14:21:48Z","timestamp":1747146108272,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Anim Models and Exp Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Liqoseal (Polyganics, B.V.) is a dural sealant patch for preventing postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage. It has been extensively tested preclinically and CE (<jats:italic>Conformit\u00e9 Europ\u00e9enne<\/jats:italic>) approved for human use after a first cranial in\u2010human study. However, the safety of Liqoseal for spinal application is still unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the safety of spinal Liqoseal application compared with cranial application using histology and magnetic resonance imaging characteristics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eight female Dutch Landrace pigs underwent laminectomy, durotomy with standard suturing and Liqoseal application. Three control animals underwent the same procedure without sealant application. The histological characteristics and imaging characteristics of animals with similar survival times were compared to data from a previous cranial porcine model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Similar foreign body reactions were observed in spinal and cranial dura. The foreign body reaction consisted of neutrophils and reactive fibroblasts in the first 3\u2009days, changing to a chronic granulomatous inflammatory reaction with an increasing number of macrophages and lymphocytes and the formation of a fibroblast layer on the dura by day 7. Mean Liqoseal plus dura thickness reached a maximum of 1.2\u2009mm (range 0.7\u20132.0\u2009mm) at day 7.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The spinal dural histological reaction to Liqoseal during the first 7\u2009days was similar to the cranial dural reaction. Liqoseal did not swell significantly in both application areas over time. Given the current lack of a safe and effective dural sealant for spinal application, we propose that an in\u2010human safety study of Liqoseal is the logical next step.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ame2.12294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T14:43:56Z","timestamp":1671720236000},"page":"74-80","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Histological and magnetic resonance imaging assessment of Liqoseal in a spinal in vivo pig model"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4296-1331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma M. H.","family":"Slot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery University Medical Center Utrecht  Utrecht the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Translational Neuroscience Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht  Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wilhelmina","family":"Bergmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University  Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmet","family":"Kinaci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery University Medical Center Utrecht  Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bart","family":"de Boer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Elizabeth TweeSteden ziekenhuis  Tilburg the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nizar","family":"Moayeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery University Medical Center Utrecht  Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saskia","family":"Redegeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Technology Institute  Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sander","family":"van Thoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Technology Institute  Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tristan P. 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