{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T14:13:29Z","timestamp":1764080009694,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31970137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31970137"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Anim Models and Exp Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> is responsible for the majority of skin and soft tissue infections, which are often diagnosed at a late stage, thereby impacting treatment efficacy. Our study was designed to reveal the physiological changes at different stages of infection by <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> through the combined analysis of variations in the skin microenvironment, providing insights for the diagnosis and treatment of <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> infections.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We established a murine model of skin and soft tissue infection with <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> as the infectious agent to investigate the differences in the microenvironment at different stages of infection. By combining analysis of the host immune status and histological observations, we elucidate the progression of <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> infection in mice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results indicate that the infection process in mice can be divided into at least two stages: early infection (1\u20133\u2009days post\u2010infection) and late infection (5\u20137\u2009days post\u2010infection). During the early stage of infection, notable symptoms such as erythema and abundant exudate at the infection site were observed. Histological examination revealed infiltration of numerous neutrophils and bacterial clusters, accompanied by elevated levels of cytokines (IL\u20106, IL\u201010). There was a decrease in microbial alpha diversity within the microenvironment (Shannon, Faith's PD, Chao1, Observed species, Simpson, Pielou's E). In contrast, during the late stage of infection, a reduction or even absence of exudate was observed at the infected site, accompanied by the formation of scabs. Additionally, there was evidence of fibroblast proliferation and neovascularization. The levels of cytokines and microbial composition gradually returned to a healthy state.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study reveals synchrony between microbial composition and histological\/immunological changes during <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\u2010induced SSTIs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ame2.12413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T13:33:56Z","timestamp":1714656836000},"page":"707-716","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The ever\u2010changing microenvironment of <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i> in cutaneous infections"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Zhenru","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Prevention and Control Technology of Veterinary Drug Residue in Animal\u2010Origin Food Chengdu 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