{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T11:51:43Z","timestamp":1769255503424,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GK202205010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GK202205010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Anim Models and Exp Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The forest musk deer, a rare fauna species found in China, is famous for its musk secretion which is used in selected Traditional Chinese medicines. However, over\u2010hunting has led to musk deer becoming an endangered species, and their survival is also greatly challenged by various high incidence and high mortality respiratory and intestinal diseases such as septic pneumonia and enteritis. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that <jats:italic>Akkermannia muciniphila<\/jats:italic> (AKK) is a promising probiotic, and we wondered whether AKK could be used as a food additive in animal breeding programmes to help prevent intestinal diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We isolated one AKK strain from musk deer feces (AKK\u2010D) using an improved enrichment medium combined with real\u2010time PCR. After confirmation by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, a series of in\u00a0vitro tests was conducted to evaluate the probiotic effects of AKK\u2010D by assessing its reproductive capability, simulated gastrointestinal fluid tolerance, acid and bile salt resistance, self\u2010aggregation ability, hydrophobicity, antibiotic sensitivity, hemolysis, harmful metabolite production, biofilm formation ability, and bacterial adhesion to gastrointestinal mucosa.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The AKK\u2010D strain has a probiotic function similar to that of the standard strain in humans (AKK\u2010H). An in\u00a0vivo study found that AKK\u2010D significantly ameliorated symptoms in the enterotoxigenic <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (ETEC)\u2010induced murine diarrhea model. AKK\u2010D improved organ damage, inhibited inflammatory responses, and improved intestinal barrier permeability. Additionally, AKK\u2010D promoted the reconstitution and maintenance of the homeostasis of gut microflora, as indicated by the fact that AKK\u2010D\u2010treated mice showed a decrease in <jats:italic>Bacteroidetes<\/jats:italic> and an increase in the proportion of other beneficial bacteria like <jats:italic>Muribaculaceae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Muribaculum<\/jats:italic>, and unclassified <jats:italic>f_Lachnospiaceae<\/jats:italic> compared with the diarrhea model mice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Taken together, our data show that this novel AKK\u2010D strain might be a potential probiotic for use in musk deer breeding, although further extensive systematic research is still 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