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High\u2010fat diets (HFD) are widely used for obesity models, but the suitability of different HFD formulations for inducing PP is unknown. Female Sprague\u2013Dawley (SD) rats were randomized to control, 45% HFD, or 60% HFD groups at postnatal day (PND) 21. Body weight and daily caloric intake were monitored; vaginal opening (VO) was recorded from PND 35. At study termination, serum levels of estradiol (E2), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle\u2010stimulating hormone (FSH), gonadotropin\u2010releasing hormone (GnRH), leptin, and adiponectin were measured. Ovarian histology and vaginal cytology were assessed. In\u00a0vitro, GT1\u20107 cells were treated with recombinant mouse leptin for 24\u2009h, and GnRH secretion was quantified. Compared to controls and the 60% HFD group, rats fed 45% HFD exhibited significantly increased body weight, earlier VO onset, and elevated weights of organs. The 45% HFD group also had higher serum E2, LH, FSH, GnRH, and leptin levels, alongside reduced adiponectin; ovarian histology showed advanced follicular development, and vaginal smears displayed estrus\u2010stage cytology. In contrast, the 60% HFD group had no significant changes in body weight or hormonal parameters, and limited ovarian development. In\u00a0vitro, leptin treatment significantly upregulated GnRH secretion in GT1\u20107 cells. The 45% HFD formulation is optimal for constructing a juvenile rat model of obesity\u2010related PP, as it recapitulates key phenotypic, histological, and endocrine features of the disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ame2.70153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T16:59:29Z","timestamp":1772989169000},"page":"453-461","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimization and verification of high\u2010fat diet formulation for establishing a rat model of obesity\u2010related precocious puberty"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Jiayi","family":"Gong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deji","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Digestive Diseases Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5338-6096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Digestive Diseases Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine  Shanghai 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