{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:59:40Z","timestamp":1785437980076,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775433600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007873","name":"Heimer Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007873","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Anim Models and Exp Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Calpainopathy is a rare genetic myopathy without causal treatment available. Recent advances have produced promising treatment strategies, including genetic treatment and immunomodulation, that are currently being tested pre\u2010clinically in murine models. Traditional behavioral assays frequently fail to detect early motor deficits in corresponding mouse models. Thus, this study investigated whether more sophisticated measures, such as quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) and automated motor assessments can reveal early pathological changes in a mouse model of calpainopathy, particularly in the subclinical stages. In this study,\n                    <jats:italic>Calpain 3<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010deficient mice (Capn3\u2010deficient) and wild\u2010type controls underwent a standardized qMRI protocol on a 7T scanner at 5 and 15\u2009months of age. Fat fraction (FF), water T2 relaxation time (wT2), and diffusion metrics were analyzed across selected hindlimb muscles. Additionally, voluntary motor activity was monitored using an intelligent phenotyping housing system. Motor activity assays revealed minimal and inconsistent genotype effects. Sex significantly affected qMRI measures, altering fat distribution and wT2 at 5 and 15\u2009months. At 5\u2009months, no significant differences were detected between genotypes. At 15\u2009months, Capn3\u2010deficient mice exhibited elevated wT2 in the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles, correlating with endomysial immune cell infiltration. Diffusion parameters and FF remained unchanged. Taken together, the results show that muscle qMRI, particularly T2 mapping, can sensitively detect subclinical muscle changes in aging Capn3\u2010deficient mice, pointing towards inflammatory processes. Pronounced sex differences and measurement variability underscore the need for larger, sex\u2010balanced cohorts. Extending follow\u2010up beyond 15\u2009months will likely increase sensitivity for later\u2010stage pathology.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ame2.70193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T04:51:22Z","timestamp":1775537482000},"page":"1469-1479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of quantitative muscle\n                    <scp>MRI<\/scp>\n                    and an intelligent phenotyping housing system as advanced phenotyping methods in a mouse model of calpain 3\u2010deficient muscular dystrophy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6541-7068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolina","family":"S\u00fcdkamp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology BG\u2010University Hospital Bergmannsheil Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum  Bochum 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Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience Ruhr University Bochum  Bochum Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulhadi","family":"Kocabas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology BG\u2010University Hospital Bergmannsheil Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum  Bochum Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martijn","family":"Froeling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University Medical Centre Utrecht  Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Kleefeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology BG\u2010University Hospital Bergmannsheil Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum  Bochum Germany"},{"name":"Heimer Institute for Muscle Research BG\u2010University Hospital Bergmannsheil Bochum  Bochum 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