{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]],"date-time":"2026-06-07T15:00:17Z","timestamp":1780844417634,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003787","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["H2023201903"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2023201903"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003787","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005089","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["J230006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J230006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005089","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Anim Models and Exp Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intravaginal drug administration is the most promising strategy for treating vaginal infections to protect women's health, such as vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). However, conventional vaginal formulations in the clinic face challenges such as drug leakage and low bioavailability due to the mucus barrier and vaginal self\u2010cleaning behavior. To address these limitations, we designed and optimized clotrimazole\u2010loaded PLGA non\u2010spherical microparticles (CPNMs) for vaginal drug delivery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CPNMs and clotrimazole\u2010loaded PLGA porous microspheres (CPMs) were prepared by the double emulsion\u2010solvent evaporation method. The physicochemical features and in\u00a0vitro drug release kinetics were characterized, and the effect of shape on drug delivery were also investigated. After intravaginal administration of CPMs and CPNMs, the pharmacokinetics and biocompatibility in the vagina of mice were studied.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both CPMs and CPNMs exhibited sustained release features in\u00a0vitro. Initially, there was a rapid release within the first 24\u2009h and the cumulative release of CPMs and CPNMs was 46.55% and 56.89% over 7\u2009days, respectively. Compared to CPMs, CPNMs demonstrated an extended drug release in\u00a0vivo, maintaining a residence duration of at least 72\u2009h, which was beneficial for clotrimazole delivery at a high concentration in the vagina of mice. Histological evaluation demonstrated the low cytotoxicity and good biocompatibility of CPNMs, with no obvious damage to vaginal epithelial cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This vaginal drug delivery system offers potential applications for managing VVC, along with other health concerns in women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ame2.70198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T04:46:22Z","timestamp":1775537182000},"page":"752-764","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clotrimazole\u2010loaded\n                    <scp>PLGA<\/scp>\n                    microparticles for local drug delivery to the vagina: Shape does matter"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Yanyu","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences China Three Gorges University  Yichang China"},{"name":"College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences China Three Gorges University  Yichang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingting","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences China Three Gorges University  Yichang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shitao","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences China Three Gorges University  Yichang China"},{"name":"College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences China Three Gorges University  Yichang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Barriers Research Center Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Barriers Research Center Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziwen","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingjie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences China Three Gorges University  Yichang China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Eye Health, Eye Hospital Wenzhou Medical University  Wenzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaoxia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences China Three Gorges University  Yichang China"},{"name":"College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences China Three Gorges University  Yichang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4832-3530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhimin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences China Three Gorges University  Yichang China"},{"name":"Biomedical Barriers Research Center Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60917-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr7004a1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30103-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44222-023-00040-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10717544.2014.928760"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2005.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2004.11.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c19388"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2021.113865"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2022.103162"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2015.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0608611104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003453"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200803526"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0911748107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.9b04841"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.115608"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.117919"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2018.11.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2025.113666"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2013.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2018.06.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612822666151216151856"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2021.113994"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0600997103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2020.105336"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ame2.70041"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2022.112553"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2015.06.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12554"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-013-1291-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2012.01.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/marc.201000332"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2021.111560"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.120290"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ame2.12433"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-013-1287-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.132876"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c00424"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.129703"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26599\/JOTO.2025.9540029"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2017.11.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-3659(87)90035-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2025.113924"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2007.05.03"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000346107"}],"container-title":["Animal Models and Experimental Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ame2.70198","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ame2.70198","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ame2.70198","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]],"date-time":"2026-06-07T14:53:31Z","timestamp":1780844011000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ame2.70198"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ame2.70198"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ame2.70198","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2576-2095","2576-2095"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2576-2095","type":"print"},{"value":"2576-2095","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-16","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}