{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T16:19:47Z","timestamp":1787674787597,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004242","name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PNURSP2026R213"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2026R213"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Anim Models and Exp Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The stomach and the brain are connected by a sophisticated two\u2010way communication mechanism called the gut\u2013brain axis. Extracellular vesicles, particularly exosomes, that move bioactive substances between the stomach and the brain, such as proteins, lipids, metabolites, and microRNAs, may improve the gut\u2013brain axis. In the past years, the role of exosome\u2010mediated communication has been recognized as significant in relation to the etiology, continued progression, and potential treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. The authors of this review article present a summary of the current understanding of the relationship of gut microbiome, exosome biogenesis, and the pathophysiological development of neurodegenerative diseases. Evidence from laboratory studies, animal studies, and newly emerging human studies suggests that microbiome\u2010based metabolites and inflammatory mediators may modulate how exosomes are produced, what they carry, and how they interact with the blood\u2013brain barrier. These exosomal signals may impact neuroinflammation, neuronal signaling, and the spread of pathological proteins of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease. In addition, they examine some possible ways to target the gut\u2013brain axis from a therapeutic perspective, including manipulating the gut microbiome, providing probiotics and\/or prebiotics, performing fecal microbiota transplantation, and\/or using engineered extracellular vesicles as vehicles for drug delivery. The authors also outline some of the methodological differences that make it difficult to assess the effects of exosomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ame2.70226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T04:15:46Z","timestamp":1779855346000},"page":"1527-1538","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exosome\u2010mediated gut\u2013brain axis signaling in neurodegenerative diseases: Mechanisms, experimental evidence, and therapeutic perspectives\u2014A narrative review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Waheeb Sami","family":"Aggad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anatomy, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine University of Jeddah  Jeddah Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rakesh","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology &amp; Bioinformatics Northeastern Hill University  Shilong India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hailah M.","family":"Almohaimeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Science, College of Medicine Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuhair M.","family":"Mohammedsaleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences University of Tabuk  Tabuk Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fayez M.","family":"Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine University of Tabuk  Tabuk Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Molecular Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Research Unit University of Tabuk  Tabuk Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amany I.","family":"Almars","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences King Abdulaziz University  Jeddah Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Editome: Precision Gene Editing Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center King Abdulaziz University  Jeddah Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. 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