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However, preclinical models often suffer from limited translational relevance and high animal burden.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to refine a murine model of Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)\u2010induced myocarditis by integrating dietary and imaging innovations to improve animal welfare, data quality, and clinical applicability. BALB\/cJ mice were infected with heart\u2010passaged CVB3 and monitored for up to 56\u2009days. A hydrolyzed amino acid diet was introduced to mitigate CVB3\u2010induced pancreatitis and associated weight loss. Cardiac function was assessed using 1D, 2D, and 4D echocardiography, including speckle\u2010tracking strain analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The refined diet significantly reduced animal health burden, reduced weight loss, and stabilized blood glucose, during development of cardiac inflammation and fibrosis. 4D echocardiography provided a highly sensitive and reproducible detection of systolic dysfunction, while strain analysis revealed early and regional myocardial impairment, closely mirroring clinical myocarditis phenotypes. Histopathological and AI\u2010based analyses confirmed dose\u2010 and time\u2010dependent inflammation and fibrosis, with peak inflammation at day 7 and persistent abnormalities through day 56.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In summary, this model offers a robust and ethically optimized platform for translational research and therapeutic development in inflammatory cardiomyopathies, aligned with the principles of the 3Rs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ame2.70263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:52:45Z","timestamp":1785419565000},"page":"1712-1728","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Refining a preclinical model of viral myocarditis in accordance with biotech 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