{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T05:11:50Z","timestamp":1781845910341,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,5]],"date-time":"2014-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1393977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acute Medicine & Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"Aim<\/jats:title>Approximately 14,000 cases of sudden death during bathing are reported annually in J<\/jats:styled-content>apan. The cause of the deaths is still unclear. Because J<\/jats:styled-content>apanese\u2010style bathing is characterized by whole\u2010body bathing in high temperature water (41\u201345\u00b0C), we hypothesized that heat exposure causes sudden death as a result of hyperthermia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>The aim was to clarify the relationship between heat exposure and mortality in an animal experiment. In the experiment, 44 male Wistar rats weighing 180\u2013255\u2009g were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital, and their body temperature was measured with a thermometer inserted into the esophagus. The animals were immersed up to their shoulder in 40\u201345\u00b0C water until respiratory arrest occurred or until they awoke from the anesthesia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>All animals immersed in water heated to \u226541\u00b0C died, whereas all animals immersed in 40\u00b0C water awakened from the anesthetic. The mean interval between the start of immersion and respiratory arrest in 41\u00b0C, 42\u00b0C, 43\u00b0C, 44\u00b0C, and 45\u00b0C water was 105\u2009min, 54\u2009min, 34\u2009min, 27\u2009min, and 22\u2009min, respectively. Regression analysis revealed a significant relationship between the interval and water temperature (r2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.96, P<\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u20090.01), and a Cox proportional hazard analysis revealed that water temperature was a significant predictor (adjusted odds ratio, 23.9; 95% confidence interval, 7.4\u201377.2). The body temperature of the animals that died during hot water immersion was above 41\u00b0C (median, 42.9\u00b0C).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>Water temperature was correlated with the interval between the start of immersion and respiratory arrest. The results suggest that hyperthermia contributes to the cause of sudden death during hot water bathing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ams2.18","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,5]],"date-time":"2014-03-05T08:54:37Z","timestamp":1394009677000},"page":"101-104","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Experimental investigation in rats to identify the cause of sudden death during bathing in J<\/scp>apan"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Masaru","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shingo","family":"Hori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"47","volume-title":"Prevention of Emergency Domestic Accidents","author":"Hori S","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"39","volume-title":"Report of Committee for Prevention of Accidents during Bathing","author":"Hori S","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","volume-title":"Vital Statistics of Japan 2002","author":"Minister's Secretariat, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1344-6223(02)00136-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","first-page":"175","article-title":"Questionable diagnoses on the cases of sudden death while bathing","volume":"45","author":"Kurosaki K","year":"2002","journal-title":"Res. Pract. Forensic Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.04.085"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1253\/jcj.65.587"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","first-page":"343","article-title":"Sudden death in the bathroom and its medico\u2010legal issues","volume":"41","author":"Yoshikawa N","year":"1998","journal-title":"Res. Pract. 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