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HTLV\u2010I infection is endemic in well\u2010defined geographic regions, and it is estimated that some 20 million individuals are infected worldwide. Although most infected individuals are asymptomatic carriers, some 2 to 5% will develop a chronic encephalomyelopathy, HTLV\u2010I\u2013associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM\/TSP). In contrast with HTLV\u2010I, the role of HTLV\u2010II in the development of neurological disorders is much less clear. HTLV\u2010II is endemic in many native Amerindian groups and epidemic in injecting drug users (IDUs) worldwide. To evaluate the role of HTLV\u2010II in neurological disease, we have critically reviewed all reported cases of HTLV\u2010II\u2013associated disorders. This has confirmed that although rare infection is associated with a disorder clinically similar or identical to HAM\/TSP. However, most reports that have attributed infection to a range of other neurological disorders are difficult to evaluate in that in many cases either the association appears to be fortuitous or the presentations were confounded by a background of concomitant human immunodeficiency virus\u20131 infection and\/or active IDU. In view of the many HTLV\u2010II\u2013infected individuals in urban areas of North America and Europe, neurologists should be aware of the potential clinical consequences of this infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,28]],"date-time":"2004-06-28T17:05:38Z","timestamp":1088442338000},"page":"10-19","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":154,"title":["Human T\u2010lymphotropic virus type II and neurological disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Abelardo","family":"Araujo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William 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