{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T14:21:31Z","timestamp":1769005291064,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,27]],"date-time":"2004-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1090886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato<\/jats:italic>, the causative organism of Lyme borreliosis, is a heterogeneous group of spirochetes, consisting of at least three pathogenic species. To test the hypothesis that the genetic heterogeneity is the reason for the clinical differences, we investigated whether the experimental disease induced by European isolates is different from that induced by American isolates. Two American isolates of species <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi sensu stricto<\/jats:italic> were compared with three European isolates, two of species <jats:italic>B. garinii<\/jats:italic>, and one of species <jats:italic>B. afzelii<\/jats:italic>. The patterns of infection, immunity, and inflammation induced by the different species was distinctive. Inflammatory cells and levels of antibody in <jats:italic>B. garinii<\/jats:italic>\u2013 and <jats:italic>B. afzelii<\/jats:italic>\u2013infected animals were lower than in <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi s.s.<\/jats:italic>\u2013infected animals, whereas levels of spirochetal infection in the skin and nervous system were higher in the former group of animals. These data demonstrate that <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi s.s.<\/jats:italic> strains are more infective and inflammatory, whereas <jats:italic>B. garinii<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>B. afzelii<\/jats:italic> strains can survive the adaptive immune response to a greater degree and persist at greater numbers in the skin and nervous system. The results explain to a large extent the disparities between LNB in humans in the United States and Europe. Ann Neurol 2004<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,27]],"date-time":"2004-07-27T19:46:08Z","timestamp":1090957568000},"page":"361-370","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Genotype determines phenotype in experimental Lyme borreliosis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Andrew R.","family":"Pachner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donna","family":"Dail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunhong","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Sondey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lena","family":"Pak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kavitha","family":"Narayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Cadavid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1988.tb31861.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.3.589-595.1995","article-title":"Molecular typing of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato by PCR\u2010restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis","volume":"33","author":"Liveris D","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.4.633"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.5.1072-1078.1996","article-title":"Three species of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. afzelii, and B. garinii) identified from cerebrospinal fluid isolates by pulsed\u2010field gel electrophoresis and PCR","volume":"34","author":"Busch U","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.12.3965-3970.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00196683"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/314922"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/153.2.304"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/115.2.399"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0176-6724(86)80128-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1988.tb31836.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s100960000391"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/161.6.1203"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1988.tb31837.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.35.1.47"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199807233390402"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/158.4.748"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-107-5-725"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Lyme neuroborreliosis: improvements of the laboratory diagnosis and a survey of epidemiological and clinical features in Denmark 1985\u20131990","volume":"151","author":"Hansen K","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1988.tb31860.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.40.10.1535"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.1.165"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3243","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.11.3243-3247.1998","article-title":"Detection of active infection in nonhuman primates with Lyme neuroborreliosis: comparison of PCR, culture, and a bioassay","volume":"36","author":"Pachner AR","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.31.2.208-214.1993","article-title":"Comparison of polymerase chain reaction with culture and serology for diagnosis of murine experimental Lyme borreliosis","volume":"31","author":"Pachner AR","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1995.52.128"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_2","first-page":"345","article-title":"Murine Lyme borreliosis: route of inoculation determines immune response and infectivity","volume":"4","author":"Pachner AR","year":"1992","journal-title":"Reg Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_2","first-page":"870","article-title":"Pathogenesis of neuroborreliosis\u2014lessons from a monkey model","volume":"110","author":"Pachner AR","year":"1998","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.8.2.225-232.2001","article-title":"Lyme Borreliosis in Rhesus Macaques: effects of corticosteroids on spirochetal load and isotype switching of anti\u2010Borrelia burgdorferi antibody","volume":"8","author":"Pachner AR","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.1287"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_2","first-page":"1348","article-title":"Humoral immune response associated with lyme borreliosis in nonhuman primates: analysis by immunoblotting and enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay with sonicates or recombinant proteins","volume":"9","author":"Pachner AR","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198303313081301"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.15.7973"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1995.mmi_18030507.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0923-2508(92)90116-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/173.2.403"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.12.7087-7098.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3780109"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.42.11.2185"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3700024"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_2","first-page":"959","article-title":"Chronic Lyme borreliosis in the laboratory mouse","volume":"143","author":"Barthold SW","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_2","first-page":"811","article-title":"Lyme borreliosis in the severe combined immunodeficiency (scid) mouse manifests predominantly in the joints, heart, and liver","volume":"137","author":"Schaible UE","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/167.4.971"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_2","first-page":"959","article-title":"Chronic Lyme borreliosis in the laboratory mouse","volume":"143","author":"Barthold SW","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1992.47.249"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_2","first-page":"263","article-title":"Kinetics of Borrelia burgdorferi dissemination and evolution of disease after intradermal inoculation of mice","volume":"139","author":"Barthold SW","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3016","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.30.11.3016-3018.1992","article-title":"Experimental Borrelia burgdorferi infection of outbred mice","volume":"30","author":"Masuzawa T","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.29.5.894-896.1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.8.4432-4440.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.1.36-42.1999","article-title":"Specificity of infection\u2010induced immunity among Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species","volume":"67","author":"Barthold SW","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(97)00200-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0147-9571(01)00027-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(97)00066-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-2508(97)83622-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4026","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.11.4026-4033.2000","article-title":"Molecular and pathogenic characterization of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates from Spain","volume":"38","author":"Escudero R","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35001663"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.3.982-986.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1438-4221(02)80015-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007642908546"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0923-2508(96)81056-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/174.2.421"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12285646"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004300050038"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0171-2985(00)80094-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.6.3597-3602.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.42.1.32"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.28.3.473-479.1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410340407"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.30.7.1646-1653.1992","article-title":"Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in urine samples and cerebrospinal fluid samples from patients with early and late Lyme neuroborreliosis by polymerase chain reaction","volume":"30","author":"Lebech AM","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/170.5.1312"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0404.2000.00019.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0404.2002.01336.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/153036602321653833"}],"container-title":["Annals of Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fana.20192","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ana.20192","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]],"date-time":"2023-11-18T02:55:51Z","timestamp":1700276151000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ana.20192"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,31]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ana.20192"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.20192","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0364-5134","1531-8249"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0364-5134","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-8249","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,31]]}}}