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Cancer was detected in 50 (mostly limited), proven histologically in 46, and was imaged intrathoracically in 4 patients (lung, small\u2013cell [27] and non\u2013small cell [1]), breast [16] and melanoma [2]). Neurological accompaniments included (decreasing frequency): neuropathy, encephalopathy, myelopathy, stiff\u2010man phenomena, and cerebellar syndrome. In a case examined neuropathologically, parenchymal T\u2010lymphocyte infiltration (predominantly CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>) was prominent in lower brainstem, spinal cord, and dorsal root ganglion. Coexisting paraneoplastic autoantibodies, identified in 74% of patients, predicted a common neoplasm and indicated other neuronal autoantigen targets that plausibly explained several neurological manifestations; for example, P\/Q\u2010type Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\u2010channel antibody with Lambert\u2013Eaton syndrome (n = 5), anti\u2010neuronal nuclear antibody type 1 with sensory neuronopathy (n = 7), K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\u2010channel antibody with limbic encephalitis (n = 1) or neuromyotonia (n = 1), and collapsin response\u2010mediator protein\u20105\u2010IgG with optic neuritis (n = 3). Patients with isolated amphiphysin\u2010IgG (n = 19) were more likely to be women (with breast cancer, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05) and to have myelopathy or stiff\u2010man phenomena (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01). Overall, a minority of women (39%) and men (12%) had stiff\u2010man phenomena. Only 10% of women (some with lung carcinoma) and 4% of men fulfilled diagnostic criteria for stiff\u2010man syndrome. 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