{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:27:27Z","timestamp":1786976847370,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,27]],"date-time":"2007-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1177632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In 1954, John Enders, Thomas Weller, and Frederick Robbins were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine \u201cfor their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue.\u201d\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#bib53\">53<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#bib70\">70<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    This discovery provided for the first time opportunities to produce both inactivated and live polio vaccines. By searching previously sealed Nobel Committee archives, we were able to review the deliberations that led to the award. It appears that Sven Gard, who was Professor of Virus Research at the Karolinska Institute and an adjunct member of the Nobel Committee at the time, played a major role in the events leading to the awarding of the Prize. It appears that Gard persuaded the College of Teachers at the Institute to decide not to follow the recommendation by their Nobel Committee to give the Prize to Vincent du Vigneaud. Another peculiar feature of the 1954 Prize is that Weller and Robbins were included based on only two nominations submitted for the first time that year. In his speech at the Nobel Prize ceremony, Gard mentioned the importance of the discovery for the future production of vaccines, but emphasized the implications of this work for growing many different, medically important viruses. We can only speculate on why later nominations highlighting the contributions of scientists such as Jonas Salk, Hilary Koprowski, and Albert Sabin in the development of poliovirus vaccines have not been recognized by a Nobel Prize. Ann Neurol 2007;61:385\u2013395\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,27]],"date-time":"2007-04-27T16:47:32Z","timestamp":1177692452000},"page":"385-395","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Polio and nobel prizes: Looking back 50 years"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Erling","family":"Norrby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanley B.","family":"Prusiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.44.8.994"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_2","first-page":"214","article-title":"Use of color change of phenol red as the indicator in titrating poliomyelitis virus or its antibody in a tissue\u2010culture system","volume":"60","author":"Salk JE","year":"1954","journal-title":"Am J Hyg"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1955.02960140001001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_2","first-page":"108","article-title":"Immune responses in human volunteers upon oral administration of a rodent\u2010adapted strain of poliomyelitis virus","volume":"55","author":"Koprowski H","year":"1952","journal-title":"Am J Hyg"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.77.2.123","article-title":"Immunization of humans with a chick embryo adapted strain of MEF1 poliomyelitis virus","volume":"77","author":"Cox HR","year":"1956","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biologicals.2006.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_2","first-page":"17","article-title":"Present status of attenuated live virus poliomyelitis vaccine","volume":"33","author":"Sabin AB","year":"1957","journal-title":"Bull NY Acad Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_2","volume-title":"Evaluation of the 1954 field trial of poliomyelitis vaccine: final report","author":"Francis T","year":"1957"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_2","first-page":"486","volume-title":"A history of poliomyelitis","author":"Paul JR","year":"1971"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112848"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_2","first-page":"1830","article-title":"Mikroskopische preparate von einen menschlichen und zwei affenmunckenmarken","volume":"21","author":"Landsteiner K","year":"1908","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.81.2100.319"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4583031"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4583135"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.109.2822.85"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-72-17359"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-75-18202"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_2","first-page":"673","article-title":"Studies on the cultivation of poliomyelitis viruses in tissue culture. II. The propagation of the poliomyelitis viruses in roller\u2010tube cultures of various human tissues","volume":"69","author":"Robbins FC","year":"1952","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1956.02960460032008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_2","unstructured":"1957 JB Lippincott Philadelphia H Koprowski Vaccination with modified active viruses 112 123"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.12.2.227"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-10-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-34-8619C"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.72.4.367"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_2","unstructured":"The Reminiscences of Frederick C. 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