{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:27:30Z","timestamp":1791307650108,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,14]],"date-time":"2010-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1271203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Perinatal inflammatory responses contribute to periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) and cerebral palsy (CP) in preterm infants. Here, we examined whether preterm children with CP had altered inflammatory responses when school\u2010aged.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty\u2010two preterm children with PVL\u2010induced CP (mean [\u00b1standard deviation] age, 7.2 \u00b1 3.6 years) and 32 control preterm children with normal neurodevelopment (6.2 \u00b1 2.2 years) and matched for gestational age were recruited. We measured tumor necrosis factor (TNF)\u2010\u03b1 levels in the plasma and the supernatants of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) before and after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, and proinflammatory gene expression in the PBMCs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      TNF\u2010\u03b1 expression was significantly higher in the plasma (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) and supernatants of LPS\u2010stimulated PBMCs (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.003) in the CP group than in the control group. After LPS stimulation, the intracellular TNF\u2010\u03b1 level in the PBMCs was significantly lower in the control group (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.016) and significantly higher in the CP group (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.01). The CP group also had, in their nonstimulated PBMCs, significantly higher mRNA levels of inflammatory molecules: toll\u2010like receptor 4 (TLR\u20104) (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0023), TNF\u2010\u03b1 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0016), transforming growth factor\u2010\u03b2\u2013activated kinase 1 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.038), I\u03baB kinase\u2010\u03b3 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.029), and c\u2010Jun N\u2010terminal kinase (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.045). The TLR\u20104 mRNA levels in the PBMCs were highly correlated with TNF\u2010\u03b1 levels in LPS\u2010stimulated PBMCs (Spearman rank correlation = 0.38,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.03).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The finding that preterm children with PVL\u2010induced CP have altered inflammatory responses indicates the possibility of programming effect of PVL or inflammation\u2010related events during early life. ANN NEUROL 2010;68:204\u2013212<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,14]],"date-time":"2010-04-14T19:37:10Z","timestamp":1271273830000},"page":"204-212","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":108,"title":["Altered inflammatory responses in preterm children with cerebral 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